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The 1st Regiment, United States Colored Heavy Artillery (USCHA) was a unit of the United States Army during the American Civil War.
The regiment was organized at Knoxville, Tennessee on February 20, 1864. The organization of the regiment may have been instigated in some small part by Lt. Colonel Thomas J. Morgan, commander of the 14th U.S. Colored Troops. In an 1893 reminiscence, John Encill MacGowan wrote that circa April 1864 at Knoxville he was the "senior officer in charge of organizing the First United States Colored Heavy Artillery." The unit was stationed at Knoxville until January, 1865, and then were based in Greeneville, District of East Tennessee, until March, 1866. The regiment was mustered out March 31, 1866.
The newly organized unit was supervised by "General Davis Tillson, Chief of Artillery, Department of Ohio, commanding defenses of Knoxville, Loudon and Kingston." The regiment had between 1,100 and 1,700 soldiers drawn mostly from Tennessee and North Carolina. According to a 2003 article in the journal Army History, "More than 25,000 black artillerymen, recruited primarily from freed slaves in Confederate or border states, served in the Union Army during the Civil War...Federal military authorities armed and equipped the soldiers in these twelve-company heavy artillery regiments as infantrymen and ordinarily used them to man the larger caliber guns defending coastal and field fortifications located near cities and smaller population centers in Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee, Kentucky, and North Carolina." Per a regimental history published in a Knoxville newspaper in 2014, "As heavy artillery these new soldiers maintained many of the 16 forts and batteries constructed during the November 1863 Siege of Knoxville. There is no evidence that they were ever trained to man the cannons; their primary function was to bolster the Union military presence and troop strength in Knoxville, thereby freeing white troops for combat. The USCT also expanded the existing fortifications, greatly strengthening many of the positions of engineer Captain Orlando Poe's original plan."
From February 1864 until February 1865 the 1st Regiment was attached to the Army of the Ohio (2nd Brigade, 4th Division, 23rd Corps) under Gen. Schofield, and then in March 1865 transferred to the Army of the Cumberland, under Gen. Thomas. (The surrender at Appomattox Courthouse was signed April 9, 1865, initiating the conclusion of the American Civil War.) From March 1865 to March 1866, the 1st Regiment USCHA was part of the 1st Brigade, 4th Division, District of East Tennessee, Army of the Cumberland.
