- Source: 3
- Source: 3%
3 (three) is a number, numeral and digit. It is the natural number following 2 and preceding 4, and is the smallest odd prime number and the only prime preceding a square number. It has religious and cultural significance in many societies.
Evolution of the Arabic digit
The use of three lines to denote the number 3 occurred in many writing systems, including some (like Roman and Chinese numerals) that are still in use. That was also the original representation of 3 in the Brahmic (Indian) numerical notation, its earliest forms aligned vertically. However, during the Gupta Empire the sign was modified by the addition of a curve on each line. The Nāgarī script rotated the lines clockwise, so they appeared horizontally, and ended each line with a short downward stroke on the right. In cursive script, the three strokes were eventually connected to form a glyph resembling a ⟨3⟩ with an additional stroke at the bottom: ३.
The Indian digits spread to the Caliphate in the 9th century. The bottom stroke was dropped around the 10th century in the western parts of the Caliphate, such as the Maghreb and Al-Andalus, when a distinct variant ("Western Arabic") of the digit symbols developed, including modern Western 3. In contrast, the Eastern Arabs retained and enlarged that stroke, rotating the digit once more to yield the modern ("Eastern") Arabic digit "٣".
In most modern Western typefaces, the digit 3, like the other decimal digits, has the height of a capital letter, and sits on the baseline. In typefaces with text figures, on the other hand, the glyph usually has the height of a lowercase letter "x" and a descender: "". In some French text-figure typefaces, though, it has an ascender instead of a descender.
A common graphic variant of the digit three has a flat top, similar to the letter Ʒ (ezh). This form is sometimes used to prevent falsifying a 3 as an 8. It is found on UPC-A barcodes and standard 52-card decks.
Mathematics
According to Pythagoras and the Pythagorean school, the number 3, which they called triad, is the only number to equal the sum of all the terms below it, and the only number whose sum with those below equals the product of them and itself.
= Divisibility rule
=A natural number is divisible by three if the sum of its digits in base 10 is divisible by 3. For example, the number 21 is divisible by three (3 times 7) and the sum of its digits is 2 + 1 = 3. Because of this, the reverse of any number that is divisible by three (or indeed, any permutation of its digits) is also divisible by three. For instance, 1368 and its reverse 8631 are both divisible by three (and so are 1386, 3168, 3186, 3618, etc.). See also Divisibility rule. This works in base 10 and in any positional numeral system whose base divided by three leaves a remainder of one (bases 4, 7, 10, etc.).
= Properties of the number
=3 is the second smallest prime number and the first odd prime number. It is the first unique prime, such that the period length value of 1 of the decimal expansion of its reciprocal, 0.333..., is unique. 3 is a twin prime with 5, and a cousin prime with 7, and the only known number
n
{\displaystyle n}
such that
n
{\displaystyle n}
! − 1 and
n
{\displaystyle n}
! + 1 are prime, as well as the only prime number
p
{\displaystyle p}
such that
p
{\displaystyle p}
− 1 yields another prime number, 2. A triangle is made of three sides. It is the smallest non-self-intersecting polygon and the only polygon not to have proper diagonals. When doing quick estimates, 3 is a rough approximation of π, 3.1415..., and a very rough approximation of e, 2.71828...
3 is the first Mersenne prime, as well as the second Mersenne prime exponent and the second double Mersenne prime exponent, for 7 and 127, respectively. 3 is also the first of five known Fermat primes, which include 5, 17, 257, and 65537. It is the second Fibonacci prime (and the second Lucas prime), the second Sophie Germain prime, the third Harshad number in base 10, and the second factorial prime, as it is equal to 2! + 1.
3 is the second and only prime triangular number, and Gauss proved that every integer is the sum of at most 3 triangular numbers.
Three is the only prime which is one less than a perfect square. Any other number which is
n
2
{\displaystyle n^{2}}
− 1 for some integer
n
{\displaystyle n}
is not prime, since it is (
n
{\displaystyle n}
− 1)(
n
{\displaystyle n}
+ 1). This is true for 3 as well (with
n
{\displaystyle n}
= 2), but in this case the smaller factor is 1. If
n
{\displaystyle n}
is greater than 2, both
n
{\displaystyle n}
− 1 and
n
{\displaystyle n}
+ 1 are greater than 1 so their product is not prime.
= Related properties
=The trisection of the angle was one of the three famous problems of antiquity.
3 is the number of non-collinear points needed to determine a plane, a circle, and a parabola.
There are only three distinct 4×4 panmagic squares.
Three of the five Platonic solids have triangular faces – the tetrahedron, the octahedron, and the icosahedron. Also, three of the five Platonic solids have vertices where three faces meet – the tetrahedron, the hexahedron (cube), and the dodecahedron. Furthermore, only three different types of polygons comprise the faces of the five Platonic solids – the triangle, the square, and the pentagon.
There are three finite convex uniform polytope groups in three dimensions, aside from the infinite families of prisms and antiprisms: the tetrahedral group, the octahedral group, and the icosahedral group. In dimensions
n
{\displaystyle n}
⩾ 5, there are only three regular polytopes: the
n
{\displaystyle n}
-simplexes,
n
{\displaystyle n}
-cubes, and
n
{\displaystyle n}
-orthoplexes. In dimensions
n
{\displaystyle n}
⩾ 9, the only three uniform polytope families, aside from the numerous infinite proprismatic families, are the
A
n
{\displaystyle \mathrm {A} _{n}}
simplex,
B
n
{\displaystyle \mathrm {B} _{n}}
cubic, and
D
n
{\displaystyle \mathrm {D} _{n}}
demihypercubic families. For paracompact hyperbolic honeycombs, there are three groups in dimensions 6 and 9, or equivalently of ranks 7 and 10, with no other forms in higher dimensions. Of the final three groups, the largest and most important is
T
¯
9
{\displaystyle {\bar {T}}_{9}}
, that is associated with an important Kac–Moody Lie algebra
E
10
{\displaystyle \mathrm {E} _{10}}
.
= Numeral systems
=There is some evidence to suggest that early man may have used counting systems which consisted of "One, Two, Three" and thereafter "Many" to describe counting limits. Early peoples had a word to describe the quantities of one, two, and three but any quantity beyond was simply denoted as "Many". This is most likely based on the prevalence of this phenomenon among people in such disparate regions as the deep Amazon and Borneo jungles, where western civilization's explorers have historical records of their first encounters with these indigenous people.
= List of basic calculations
=Science
Three is the atomic number of lithium.
Three is the number of dimensions that humans can perceive. Humans perceive the universe to have three spatial dimensions, but some theories, such as string theory, suggest there are more.
Three is the number of elementary fermion generations according to the Standard Model of particle physics.
In particle physics, each proton or neutron is composed of three quarks.
There are three primary colors in the additive and subtractive models.
The ability of the human eye to distinguish colors is based upon the varying sensitivity of different cells in the retina to light of different wavelengths. Humans being trichromatic, the retina contains three types of color receptor cells, or cones.
In physics, three-body problems have no general closed-form solution, unlike two-body problems.
Engineering
The triangle, a polygon with three edges and three vertices, is the most stable physical shape. For this reason it is widely utilized in construction, engineering and design.
= Protoscience
=In European alchemy, the three primes (Latin: tria prima) were salt (), sulfur () and mercury ().
The three doshas (weaknesses) and their antidotes are the basis of Ayurvedic medicine in India.
= Pseudoscience
=Three is the symbolic representation for Mu, Augustus Le Plongeon's and James Churchward's lost continent.
Philosophy
Philosophers such as Aquinas, Kant, Hegel, C. S. Peirce, and Karl Popper have made threefold divisions, or trichotomies, which have been important in their work.
Hegel's dialectic of Thesis + Antithesis = Synthesis creates three-ness from two-ness.
In a 1931 interview, Nikola Tesla allegedly said, "If you only knew the magnificence of the 3, 6, and 9, then you would have a key to the universe."
Religion
Many world religions contain triple deities or concepts of trinity, including the Hindu Trimurti and Tridevi, the Triglav (lit. "Three-headed one"), the chief god of the slavs, the three Jewels of Buddhism, the three Pure Ones of Taoism, the Christian Holy Trinity, and the Triple Goddess of Wicca.
= Christianity
=The threefold office of Christ is a Christian doctrine which states that Christ performs the functions of prophet, priest, and king.
During the Agony in the Garden, Christ asked three times for the cup to be taken from him.
Jesus rose from the dead on the third day after his death.
The devil tempted Jesus three times.
Saint Peter thrice denied Jesus and thrice affirmed his faith in Jesus.
The Magi – wise men who were astronomers/astrologers from Persia – gave Jesus three gifts.
There are three Synoptic Gospels and three epistles of John.
Paul the Apostle went blind for three days after his conversion to Christianity.
= Judaism
=Noah had three sons: Ham, Shem and Japheth
The Three Patriarchs: Abraham, Isaac and Jacob
The prophet Balaam beat his donkey three times.
The prophet Jonah spent three days and nights in the belly of a large fish
Three divisions of the Written Torah: Torah (Five Books of Moses), Nevi'im (Prophets), Ketuvim (Writings)
Three divisions of the Jewish people: Kohen, Levite, Yisrael
Three daily prayers: Shacharit, Mincha, Maariv
Three Shabbat meals
Shabbat ends when three stars are visible in the night sky
Three Pilgrimage Festivals: Passover, Shavuot, Sukkot
Three matzos on the Passover Seder table
The Three Weeks, a period of mourning bridging the fast days of Seventeenth of Tammuz and Tisha B'Av
Three cardinal sins for which a Jew must die rather than transgress: idolatry, murder, sexual immorality
Upsherin, a Jewish boy's first haircut at age 3
A Beth din is composed of three members
Potential converts are traditionally turned away three times to test their sincerity
In the Jewish mystical tradition of the Kabbalah, it is believed that the soul consists of three parts, with the highest being neshamah ("breath"), the middle being ruach ("wind" or "spirit") and the lowest being nefesh ("repose"). Sometimes the two elements of Chayah ("life" or "animal") and Yechidah ("unit") are additionally mentioned.
In the Kabbalah, the Tree of Life (Hebrew: Etz ha-Chayim, עץ החיים) refers to a latter 3-pillar diagrammatic representation of its central mystical symbol, known as the 10 Sephirot.
= Islam
=The three core principles in Shia tradition: Tawhid (Oneness of God), Nabuwwa (Concept of Prophethood), Imama (Concept of Imam)
= Buddhism
=The Triple Bodhi (ways to understand the end of birth) are Budhu, Pasebudhu, and Mahaarahath.
The Three Jewels, the three things that Buddhists take refuge in.
= Shinto
=The Imperial Regalia of Japan of the sword, mirror, and jewel.
= Daoism
=The Three Treasures (Chinese: 三寶; pinyin: sānbǎo; Wade–Giles: san-pao), the basic virtues in Taoism.
The Three Dantians
Three Lines of a Trigram
Three Sovereigns: Heaven Fu Xi (Hand – Head – 3º Eye), Humanity Shen Nong (Unit 69), Hell Nüwa (Foot – Abdomen – Umbiculus).
= Hinduism
=The Trimurti: Brahma the Creator, Vishnu the Preserver, and Shiva the Destroyer.
The three guṇas (triguna) found in the Samkhya school of Hindu philosophy.
The three paths to salvation in the Bhagavad Gita named Karma Yoga, Bhakti Yoga and Jnana Yoga.
= Zoroastrianism
=The three virtues of Humata, Hukhta and Huvarshta (Good Thoughts, Good Words and Good Deeds) are a basic tenet in Zoroastrianism.
= Norse mythology
=Three is a very significant number in Norse mythology, along with its powers 9 and 27.
Prior to Ragnarök, there will be three hard winters without an intervening summer, the Fimbulwinter.
Odin endured three hardships upon the World Tree in his quest for the runes: he hanged himself, wounded himself with a spear, and suffered from hunger and thirst.
Bor had three sons, Odin, Vili, and Vé.
= Other religions
=The Wiccan Rule of Three.
The Triple Goddess: Maiden, Mother, Crone; the three fates.
The sons of Cronus: Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades.
The Slavic god Triglav has three heads.
= Esoteric tradition
=The Theosophical Society has three conditions of membership.
Gurdjieff's Three Centers and the Law of Three.
Liber AL vel Legis, the central scripture of the religion of Thelema, consists of three chapters, corresponding to three divine narrators respectively: Nuit, Hadit and Ra-Hoor-Khuit.
The Triple Greatness of Hermes Trismegistus is an important theme in Hermeticism.
= As a lucky or unlucky number
=Three (三, formal writing: 叁, pinyin sān, Cantonese: saam1) is considered a good number in Chinese culture because it sounds like the word "alive" (生 pinyin shēng, Cantonese: saang1), compared to four (四, pinyin: sì, Cantonese: sei1), which sounds like the word "death" (死 pinyin sǐ, Cantonese: sei2).
Counting to three is common in situations where a group of people wish to perform an action in synchrony: Now, on the count of three, everybody pull! Assuming the counter is proceeding at a uniform rate, the first two counts are necessary to establish the rate, and the count of "three" is predicted based on the timing of the "one" and "two" before it. Three is likely used instead of some other number because it requires the minimal amount counts while setting a rate.
There is another superstition that it is unlucky to take a third light, that is, to be the third person to light a cigarette from the same match or lighter. This superstition is sometimes asserted to have originated among soldiers in the trenches of the First World War when a sniper might see the first light, take aim on the second and fire on the third.
The phrase "Third time's the charm" refers to the superstition that after two failures in any endeavor, a third attempt is more likely to succeed. This is also sometimes seen in reverse, as in "third man [to do something, presumably forbidden] gets caught".
Luck, especially bad luck, is often said to "come in threes".
See also
Cube (algebra) – (3 superscript)
Thrice
Third
Triad
Trio
Rule of three
ɜ, U+025C ɜ LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED OPEN E also known as Reversed epsilon
List of highways numbered 3
References
Wells, D. The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers London: Penguin Group. (1987): 46–48
External links
Tricyclopedic Book of Threes by Michael Eck
Threes in Human Anatomy by John A. McNulty
Grime, James. "3 is everywhere". Numberphile. Brady Haran. Archived from the original on 2013-05-14. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
The Number 3
The Positive Integer 3
Prime curiosities: 3
3% (Brazilian Portuguese: Três por cento, pronounced [ˈtɾe(j)s puʁ ˈsẽtu]) is a Brazilian dystopian thriller television series created by Pedro Aguilera, starring João Miguel and Bianca Comparato. Developed from a 2009 independent pilot episode, it is the first Portuguese-language Netflix original series and the second non-English production, after the Spanish-language series Club de Cuervos.
The series is set in an unspecified future where 20-year-old individuals of the impoverished "Inland" have the single opportunity to complete "The Process" and advance to the affluence of the distant "Offshore" society. While most of the unsuccessful candidates are simply eliminated, some fail to survive, leading to only 3% of the candidates succeeding.
The first season, consisting of eight episodes, became available on Netflix worldwide on 25 November 2016. In December 2016, Netflix renewed the series for a second season, which was released on 27 April 2018, consisting of 10 episodes. In June 2018, the series was renewed for a third season, consisting of eight episodes, which was released on 7 June 2019. In August 2019, it was announced that the series had been renewed for a fourth and final season, which was released on 14 August 2020 and consists of seven episodes.
Cast and characters
= Main
=João Miguel as Ezequiel, the head of the Process. He is intense, mysterious, short-tempered, and conflicted by ideal extremes. (seasons 1–2)
Bianca Comparato as Michele Santana, a smart and sly young woman who has a very strong sense of justice. She has no family and was raised by her brother, who did not return after being sent to the Process.(seasons 1–4)
Michel Gomes as Fernando Carvalho, raised by his father, who fostered in him the singular purpose of passing the Process. A wheelchair user, Fernando is disdained by some candidates who do not believe in his chances to successfully complete the Process. (seasons 1–2)
Rodolfo Valente as Rafael Moreira, egocentric, selfish, sarcastic, and willing to do anything to pass, even cheat. He hides his mysteries and believes the ends justify the means.(seasons 1–4)
Cynthia Senek as Glória, Fernando's close childhood friend. (seasons 2–4)
Vaneza Oliveira as Joana Coelho, an orphan who survived on her own at the margins of society, on the streets of the Inland. Intelligent and capable, she interacts with very few candidates and shows little interest in the Process.
Rafael Lozano as Marco Álvares, from a family known to always pass the Process and who are waiting for him in the Offshore.
Viviane Porto as Aline, a young and ambitious employee of the Council, with the mission to overthrow Ezequiel and become the next head of the Process. (season 1; guest season 2)
Samuel de Assis as Silas, a compassionate Inland doctor, but also a member of the Cause. (season 2; guest season 4)
Laila Garin as Marcela Álvares, Offshore's military commander, and later, the head of the Process. (seasons 2–4)
Bruno Fagundes as André Santana, Michele's brother and the first Offshore citizen to commit a murder. (seasons 2–4)
Thais Lago as Elisa, a doctor in the Offshore and Rafael's girlfriend. (seasons 2–4)
Amanda Magalhães as Natália (season 4; recurring seasons 2–3)
Fernando Rubro as Xavier (season 4; recurring season 3)
= Recurring
=Mel Fronckowiak as Júlia, Ezequiel's wife and an employee of the Process, who ends up being depressed and in doubt about her actions. (season 1; guest season 2)
Sérgio Mamberti as Matheus, a member of the Council. (season 1)
Zezé Motta as Nair, a member of the Council who serves as a friend to Ezequiel.
Celso Frateschi as the Old Man, the founder of the Cause. (seasons 1–2; guest season 4)
Luciana Paes as Cássia, head of security for the Process. She is extremely loyal to Ezequiel. (seasons 1–2; guest season 4)
Dárcio de Oliveira as Antônio, a spiritual leader and Fernando's father. (seasons 1–2; guest seasons 3–4)
Luana Tanaka as Ágata, a candidate in Michele's group. (season 1)
Roberta Calza as Ivana (seasons 1–2; guest season 3)
Rita Batata as Denise (seasons 1, 4)
Leonardo Garcez as Daniel (season 1; guest season 2)
Clarissa Kiste as Luciana (season 1)
Júlio Silvério as Otávio (season 1)
Thiago Amaral as Álvaro (season 1; guest season 2)
César Gouvêa as César (season 1)
Geraldo Rodrigues as Geraldo (season 1)
Ediana Souza as Camila (season 1; guest season 2)
Fernanda Vasconcellos as Laís (season 2; guest seasons 3–4)
Maria Flor as Samira (season 2; guest season 4)
Silvio Guindane as Vítor (season 2; guest seasons 3–4)
Marina Matheus as Ariel (season 2; guest seasons 3–4)
Léo Belmonte as Arthur Moreira (seasons 3–4)
Guilherme Zanella as Tadeu (season 3)
Kaique de Jesus as Ricardo (season 3)
Rafael Losso as Otávio Bernardes (season 3)
Ney Matogrosso as Leonardo Álvares (season 3; guest season 4)
Episodes
Production
= Conception and development
=Creator and writer Pedro Aguilera developed 3% from a 2009 independent pilot episode. Netflix gave the series an 8-episode order for the first season. It is the first Portuguese-language Netflix original series and the second non-English production, after the Spanish-language series Club de Cuervos.
Academy Award-nominated cinematographer César Charlone, known for City of God and Blindness, served as director alongside Daina Giannecchini, Dani Libardi, and Jotagá Crema. Charlone also serves as an executive producer, alongside Tiago Mello. The first season became available on Netflix worldwide on November 25, 2016. In December 2016, Netflix renewed the series for a second season, which was released on April 27, 2018. On June 4, 2018, the series was renewed for a third season, which was released on June 7, 2019.
= Filming
=On March 11, 2016, Netflix announced the filming of the series in São Paulo. The principal photography for the first season began with the primary location at the interior of the Arena Corinthians, chosen for its luxurious and futuristic design and used as "The Process" building. A scenographic favela was built in a large abandoned factory in the neighborhood of Brás, central Region of São Paulo (representing the "Inland") and with some other scenes shot at the outskirts of the city, such as in the neighborhoods Heliópolis, Vila Madalena, Parque da Juventude and Ocupação Cine Marrocos.
Exterior scenes for the second season's "Offshore" were filmed at the Inhotim Institute in Brumadinho, Minas Gerais. Most of the scenes shot at Inhotim are concentrated in the central gardens – especially in the place where the statue of the "Founding Couple" stands, inserted using CGI. But three other pavilions also served as filming locations: Adriana Varejão pavilion (where the characters access the submarine), Cosmococas, by Hélio Oiticica (the military center) and Sonic Pavilion, by Doug Aitken (where the council meeting takes place).
The third season included as new filming location the conservation unit Dunas do Rosado at Porto do Mangue, Rio Grande do Norte, used for the scenes of the "Shell".
Reception
= Critical response
=On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the first season holds an approval rating of 85%, based on 20 reviews, with an average score of 6.5/10. The critical consensus reads: "Despite comparisons to other teen-centric dystopian thrillers, 3% separates itself from the pack by focusing on characters with complicated backstories and personalities." Liz Shannon Miller gave the first season a B+ in her review for IndieWire, saying that the series left her "surprised and impressed." Calum Henderson of the New Zealand Herald said in his review "The characters are the show's strongest point, though, and it skillfully introduces the six core candidates throughout the Process' preliminary challenges in the first episode."
= Awards and nominations
=Other media
= The 3% Challenge
=Doppio Games, in association with Netflix, developed a free-to-play voice-based game based on the series, released to Amazon Alexa and Google Assistant. The game featured a prequel storyline written in collaboration with Pedro Aguilera, showrunner and writer of the series. It was shut down on August 12, 2022.
References
External links
3% at IMDb
3% independent pilots on YouTube
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
- 0-an
- 3 (angka)
- Pangkat tiga
- Liga 3 (Indonesia)
- Unsur periode 3
- 3 Indonesia
- Formasi (sepak bola)
- Terminal 3 Bandar Udara Internasional Soekarno-Hatta
- PlayStation 3
- SMA Negeri 3 Jakarta
- 3
- Cube (algebra)
- Enclosed Alphanumerics
- 3.3
- 3×3
- 3 + 3
- 3%
- Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3
- AT-3
- 3×3 Eyes
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White Bird (2023)
Bioskop Online, bioskop21, BioskopKeren, Cinemaindo, Dewanonton, DrakorIndo, Drama, DramaQu, Dunia21, DutaFilm, Ganool, gudangmovie, gudangmovie21, History, IndoXX1, KorDramas, LayarKaca21, Layarkaca21 INDOXXI, LK21, LK21 XXI, Nonton drama, Nonton Movie, Pahe.in, PusatFilm21, War, USA
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