- Source: 360s
The 360s decade ran from January 1, 360, to December 31, 369.
Events
= 360
=By place
Roman Empire
February – Julian, Roman Caesar, is proclaimed emperor by the Gallic legions in Lutetia (modern Paris), at the Thermes de Cluny. They refuse to support the eastern campaign against King Shapur II of Persia, and revolt.
The Alamanni raid Raetia (Switzerland), but are pushed back behind the Rhine by Julian, into the Black Forest.
King Shapur II continues his campaign against the Roman fortresses, capturing Singara, Bezabde and Nisibis.
Emperor Constantius II and Julian exchange several letters, both hoping to avoid a civil war.
Europe
The Huns invade Europe by the thousands, spreading terror as they take over territories held for generations by Alans, Heruls, Ostrogoths and Visigoths.
Asia
By topic
Agriculture
Roman authorities in Britain export wheat to supply the legions on the Rhine; they have encouraged production of wheat for that purpose.
Religion
Council of Constantinople (360): Emperor Constantius II requests a church council, at Constantinople; both the eastern and western bishops attend the meeting. Ulfilas also attends the council and endorses the resulting creed. After the council several homoiousian bishops are deposed or banished, including Macedonius I of Constantinople and Cyril of Jerusalem.
At about this date, Ligugé Abbey in France is founded for the monastic Order of Saint Benedict by Martin of Tours, under dispensation from Bishop Hilary of Poitiers.
= 361
=By place
Roman Empire
November 3 – Emperor Constantius II dies of a fever at Mopsuestia in Cilicia, age 44; on his deathbed he is baptised, and declares his cousin Julian the Apostate rightful successor.
December 11 – Julian becomes sole emperor of the Roman Empire; he rules from Constantinople, and tries to restore paganism. Constantius II is buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles.
Ministers and followers of Constantius II are put on trial, at the Chalcedon Tribunal.
China
July 10 – Sixteen Kingdoms: Jin Aidi, age 20, succeeds Jin Mudi, as emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
By topic
Art
361–363 – A Julian the Apostate coin is issued. It is now kept at the British Museum, London.
Medicine
Constantinople enforces a strict licensing system for physicians.
Religion
Emperor Julian tries to organize a pagan church and substitute it for Christianity. Pope Liberius repudiates the Arian creed, and declares that the Council of Arminium has no authority to issue decrees.
Gregory Nazianzus (Saint Gregory the Theologian) returns to Nazianzus and is appointed a priest by his father, who wants him to assist local Christians.
Construction of the Monastery of Saint Anthony in the Eastern Desert of Egypt begins.
December 24 – George of Cappadocia, the Arian intruding bishop of Alexandria, is murdered in his see and Athanasius of Alexandria returns to his native city in triumph.
= 362
=By place
Roman Empire
July 18 – Emperor Julian arrives at Antioch with an expeditionary force (60,000 men), and stays there for nine months, to launch a campaign against the Persian Empire. He secures the co-operation of King Arsaces of Armenia, who fights a bloody guerrilla war against the Persians.
Julian builds a fleet of 50 warships, and more than 1,000 transport boats at Samosata, for his expedition in Persia against King Shapur II the Great.
An earthquake strikes Nicaea (Turkey).
An earthquake strikes Al-Karak (Jordan).
By topic
Religion
February 21 – Athanasius returns to Alexandria and convenes a council, at which he appeals for unity among Christians who differ in terminology, but Emperor Julian orders Athanasius to leave Alexandria. He will remain in exile in Upper Egypt, until after Julian's death the next year.
October 22 – The temple of Apollo at Daphne, outside Antioch, is destroyed in a mysterious fire.
= 363
=By place
Roman Empire
March 5 – Emperor Julian departs from Antioch with his army (90,000 men) and heads north towards the Euphrates. En route he creates a diversion and sends a force of 30,000 soldiers under his cousin Procopius to Armenia.
April – Julian crosses the Euphrates near Hierapolis, using 50 pontoon ships, and moves eastwards to Carrhae. He destroys Perisapora and overruns Persian forts along the desert frontier (Limes Arabicus).
May 29 – Battle of Ctesiphon: Julian reaches the vicinity of the strongly fortified capital Ctesiphon. King Shapur II in charge of a large Persian army adopts a scorched earth policy, leaving the Romans desperately short of supplies.
June 16 – The Roman army starts its retreat northward to Corduene (Armenia). Julian marches back up the Tigris and burns his fleet of supply ships. During the withdrawal Julian's forces suffer several attacks from the Persians.
June 26 – Battle of Samarra: Julian is mortally wounded in a skirmish and dies from a wound received during the fighting near Samarra (Iraq). Jovian, general of the Guard, succeeds him and is proclaimed Emperor by the troops.
Emperor Jovian negotiates a disastrous peace with Persia, surrendering four of the five Roman provinces gained by Caesar Galerius in 298, and the cities Nisibis and Singara (Mesopotamia).
Europe
The Huns first appear in Europe and reach the Caspian Sea.
Middle East
May 18–19 – Galilee earthquake of 363. Petra, capital of the Nabataeans (in modern-day Syria), is seriously damaged.
363 Arsakawan earthquake. It affected the cities of Arsakawan (modern Doğubayazıt) and Salat (modern Sisian).
By topic
Astronomy
April 20 – The planet Venus occults the planet Jupiter.
Religion
The Council of Laodicea, which deals with constricting the conduct of church members, is held. The major canon approved by this council is Canon 29, which prohibits resting on the Sabbath (Saturday), restricting Christians to honoring the Lord on Sunday.
Mar Mattai Monastery is founded on Mount Alfaf.
= 364
=By place
Roman Empire
February 17 – Emperor Jovian dies after a reign of eight months. He is found dead in his tent at Tyana (Asia Minor) en route back to Constantinople, in suspicious circumstances.
February 26 – Valentinian I is proclaimed Emperor by officers of the Roman army at Nicaea in Bithynia. He addresses the soldiers (who threaten to riot) in a speech. He founds the Valentinianic dynasty and rules the Western portion of the Roman Empire, from Caledonia (Scotland) to the Rhine frontier, ensuring it a few years of relative security. He settles in Paris and establishes a militia to defend the region.
March 28 – Valens, brother of Valentinian I, is appointed co-emperor (Augustus) in the palace of Hebdomon (Turkey). He rules the Eastern portion of the Roman Empire, from the Danube to the Persian border, and begins the first anti-pagan persecutions.
Britain is forced to endure fierce barbarian raids.
By topic
Religion
The Council of Laodicea decides some disciplinary questions of the church and attempts to establish the Biblical canon, but fails.
Science
Theon of Alexandria, Greek mathematician, observes a solar eclipse (June 16) and a lunar eclipse (November 25). He gains some renown for his version of Euclid's Elements and his commentaries on Ptolemy's Almagest.
= 365
=By place
Roman Empire
July 21 – An earthquake and tsunami devastate Crete and Alexandria and affects Italy, Greece, and Palestine.
September 28 – Procopius revolts and bribes two legions passing by Constantinople. He proclaims himself Emperor, and takes control of Thrace and Bithynia.
November 1 – The Alamanni cross the Rhine and invade Gaul. Emperor Valentinian I moves to Paris to command the army and defend the Gallic cities.
China
March 30 – Sixteen Kingdoms: Jin Feidi, age 23, succeeds his brother Jin Aidi as emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He has no actual power; governmental matters are largely in the hands of his granduncle Sima Yu.
By topic
Religion
Basil of Caesarea becomes presbyter of Caesarea.
Emperor Valens orders the expulsion of the Alexandrian bishop Athanasius from his see, but instead of going into exile Athanasius, now about 67, moves to the outskirts of Alexandria.
Antipope Felix II dies after a 9-year reign, ending the double occupancy of the papacy.
= 366
=By place
Roman Empire
January 2 – The Alamanni cross the frozen Rhine in large numbers, and invade the Gallic provinces. They capture Alsace and a large part of the Swiss Plateau.
April – Battle of Thyatira: Emperor Valens defeats the troops of Procopius, bringing an end to his revolt; Serenianus and Marcellus are killed. Procopius flees the battlefield, but is executed by Valens.
Valens builds a pontoon bridge across the Danube, and drives the Visigoths farther north, where they will come under pressure from the advancing Huns.
Winter – Emperor Valentinian I appoints Jovinus, his Master of the Horse (Magister Equitum), general of the army. He defeats the Alamanni in three successive battles, and pushes them out of Gaul.
By topic
Art and Science
The Tabula Peutingeriana, a map showing Roman possessions and roads, is created about this time.
Religion
January 31 – Athanasius of Alexandria returns from his fifth exile. He has spent four months in his ancestral tomb outside Alexandria.
Buddhist monk Lè Zūn has a vision of "golden rays of light shining down on 1,000 Buddhas", resulting in the creation of the Mogao Caves.
October 1 – Pope Liberius dies after a 14-year reign and is succeeded by Damasus I as 37th pope. Romans unhappy with this choice elect the antipope Ursicinus.
= 367
=By place
Roman Empire
Battle of Solicinium: Emperor Valentinian I launches a punitive expedition against the Alamanni, due to the crises in Britannia and Gaul. The Alamanni re-cross the Rhine and plunder Moguntiacum (modern Mainz).
Valentinian I declares that Christians will not be forced into gladiator training schools.
Great Conspiracy: The Roman garrison on Hadrian's Wall revolts and allows Picts from Caledonia to devastate Britain. Simultaneously Attacotti, the Scotti from Hibernia (Ireland), and the Saxons from Germania invade the island's mid-western and south-eastern borders. They sack the cities and murder, rape or enslave Romano-British civilians.
Eunomius of Cyzicus is banished to Mauretania for harbouring the usurper Procopius.
August 4 – Gratian receives the title of Augustus under his father, Valentinian I.
Winter – Valentinian I mobilises a massive army for his campaign against the Alamanni and the Franks. He summons the Italian and Illyrian legions for a spring offensive.
Asia
The first Korean envoy arrives in Japan, emissary of the government of Kudara.
By topic
Religion
The first Listing of the New Testament (Bible) is made by St. Athanasius of Alexandria.
November 16 – Antipope Ursicinus is banished by the praefecti to Gaul.
Epiphanius of Salamis becomes bishop of Salamis, Cyprus.
Emperor Valens is baptized by Eudoxius of Antioch.
Science
In the region of the constellation Perseus, a star not visible to the naked eye, and 1,533 light years distant from Earth, explodes in a nova. The light from the star, now called GK Persei, was first detected on Earth on February 21, 1901.
= 368
=By place
Roman Empire
Spring – Emperor Valentinian I and his 8-year-old son, Gratian, cross the Rhine with an army into Alamannic territory. He defeats the Alemanni and burns food stores along the border. A temporary peace is signed with Macrian, king of the Bucinobantes, and Valentinian returns to his capital Augusta Treverorum (modern Trier).
Great Conspiracy: Picts, Scotti and Saxons reach Roman London and plunder the city. Theodosius, a general (Comes Britanniarum), is sent with a relief force to Britannia. He marches from Richborough, Kent, to deal with the invaders.
Winter – The barbarians are driven back to their homelands, Hadrian's Wall is retaken and order returns to the Roman diocese. Theodosius reorganises the abandoned forts and mounts punitive expeditions in Hibernia (Ireland).
Asia
An earthquake strikes Nicaea (modern Turkey).
= 369
=By place
Roman Empire
Spring – Emperor Valens crosses the Danube, and attacks the Gothic tribes (Greuthungi and Tervingi). Valens and Athanaric, the Gothic king, eventually sign a treaty.
Fritigern becomes king of the Visigoths; amidst hostilities with his rival Athanaric, he asks Valens and the Thracian field army to intervene. They end the civil war, and Fritigern converts to Christianity.
Count Theodosius brings Britain fully back to the Empire after the Great Conspiracy of 367.
Persia
King Shapur II occupies the pro-Roman kingdom of Armenia. He besieges Artogerassa in modern Georgia, where Papas (Pap), son of King Arsaces II (Arshak II), defends the fortress and the royal treasure against Persian forces.
Asia
Chinese troops of the Jin Dynasty are defeated by Former Yan of the Xianbei.
Goguryeo invades Baekje (approximate date).
By topic
Art and Science
Wulfila creates a Gothic alphabet composed of letters based on Greek and Roman letters, as well as some Germanic runes. He converts the Goths to Arian Christianity.
Significant people
Births
360
John Cassian, Desert Father and Christian saint (approximate date)
Saint Mesrob, Armenian monk and theologian (approximate date)
Saint Ninian, missionary to Scotland (approximate date)
Tao Sheng, Chinese Buddhist scholar (approximate date)
Wang Fahui, empress during the Jin Dynasty (d. 380)
362
Flavia Maxima Constantia, daughter of Constantius II (approximate date)
Mesrop Mashtots, Armenian linguist (d. 440)
Jin Xiaowudi, emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (d. 396)
363
Sulpicius Severus, Christian writer (approximate date)
Wu Di (or Liu Yu), Chinese emperor of Liu Song (d. 422)
364
Blaesilla, Roman noblewoman (d. 384)
Huiguo, Chinese Buddhist nun (d. 433)
Sima Daozi, Chinese prince and regent (d. 403)
Xu Xianzhi, Chinese official and regent (d. 426)
365
Julius Agricola, Roman consul and praetorian prefect
Kou Qianzhi, Chinese high official and taoist (d. 448)
Tao Yuanming, Chinese poet and politician (d. 427)
Tufa Rutan, Chinese prince of the Southern Liang (d. 415)
366
January 18 – Valentinianus Galates, Roman emperor (d. 370)
Yao Xing, Chinese emperor of the Later Qin Dynasty (d. 416)
368
Eustochium, Christian Desert Mother and saint (approximate date)
Juqu Mengxun, Chinese prince of the Northern Liang (d. 433)
Philostorgius, Anomoean church historian and writer (d. 439)
369
Huan Xuan, Chinese warlord and emperor of the Jin Dynasty (d. 404)
Deaths
360
May 4 – Judas Cyriacus, Roman Catholic priest and saint
October 14 – Gaudentius of Rimini, Roman Catholic priest and saint
November 11 – Abramios the Recluse, Byzantine Orthodox priest and saint
December 18 – Auxentius of Mopsuestia, Byzantine Orthodox priest and saint
Eusebius of Emesa, Byzantine Orthodox bishop and saint (b. 290)
Murong Jun, emperor of the Former Yan (b. 319)
361
November – Constantius II, Roman Emperor (b. 317)
December 24
George of Cappadocia, Byzantine Orthodox archbishop and saint
George of Laodicea, Byzantine Orthodox archbishop and saint
Apodemius, Roman officer and secret agent
Eusebius, Roman officer
Jin Mudi, emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (b. 343)
Li Shi, emperor of the Chinese Ba-Di state Cheng Han
Maximus of Naples, Roman Catholic archbishop and saint
Song Hun, regent of the Chinese state Former Liang
Wang Xizhi, Chinese calligrapher (b. 303)
Zhu Jingjian, Chinese Buddhist nun (b. 292)
362
January 1 – Paulus Catena, Roman politician
February 25 – Reginos, Greek Orthodox bishop and saint
May 10 – Gordianus and Epimachus, Roman Catholic priests, martyrs and saints
June 5 – Dorotheus of Tyre, Roman Catholic bishop and martyr (b. 255)
June 27 – Crispus, Crispinianus, and Benedicta, Roman Catholic, priests, martyrs and saints
June 28 – Basil of Ancyra, Byzantine Orthodox bishop and saint
August 5 – Eusignius of Antioch, Byzantine Orthodox bishop and martyr (b. 252)
August 7 – Donatus of Arezzo, Roman Catholic bishop and saint
October 16 – Eliphius, Roman Catholic priest and saint
October 20
Artemius, Egyptian Orthodox martyr and saint
Theodoret of Antioch, Syrian Christian priest and martyr
December 10 – Gemellus of Ancyra, Byzantine Orthodox bishop and saint
Princess Dowager Ma, concubine of Zhang Jun
363
June 26 – Julian the Apostate, Roman emperor (b. 331)
Aemilia Hilaria, Galo-Roman physician and writer (b. 300)
Lucillianus, Roman commander (magister equitum)
Zhang Xuanjing, Chinese ruler of Former Liang (b. 350)
Zhou (or Cheng), Chinese concubine of Jin Chengdi
364
February 17 – Jovian, Roman emperor (b. 331)
Ge Hong, Chinese scholar and taoist (b. 283)
Theophilos the Indian, Christian bishop
365
March 30 – Ai of Jin (or Qianling), Chinese emperor (b. 341)
November 22 – Felix II, antipope of Rome (b. 287)
Feng Yi (or Zizhuan), Chinese official and general
Sima Xun (or Weichang), Chinese warlord (b. 306)
Wang Muzhi, Chinese empress of the Jin Dynasty
366
May 16 – Ajabel, Christian priest and martyr
May 27 – Procopius, Roman general and usurper
August 1 – Leo of Montefeltro, Christian bishop and saint
September 24 – Liberius, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 310)
Acacius of Caesarea, Christian bishop
Marcellus, Roman general and usurper
Marinus, Christian hermit and saint (b. 275)
Serenianus, Roman general of the Imperial Guard
Yu Daolian, Chinese empress and wife of Jin Feidi
Zhi Dun, Chinese Buddhist monk and philosopher (b. 314)
367
January 13 – Hilary of Poitiers, Byzantine bishop, Doctor of the Church and saint (b. c. 315)
Murong Ke, Chinese general and statesman of Former Yan
Yang Wu (or Shiqiu), Chinese official, general and regent
368
July 7 – Maternien, Christian bishop and saint
Caesarius of Nazianzus, Roman physician and politician
Vulcacius Rufinus, Roman prefect, consul and politician
Yue Wan, Chinese general and politician of Former Yan
369
May 3 – Juvenal of Narni, Roman Catholic bishop, confessor and saint
Caesarius of Nazianzus, Byzantine physician and politician (b. 331)
Pharantzem, Armenian queen and regent (approximate date)
Valentinus, Roman criminal and rebel leader
References
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- 360-an
- Palladius
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- Astatin
- Titan Airways
- Fastech 360
- Antropomorfisme moe
- Shinkansen seri E5
- 360s
- 360s BC
- Fastech 360
- British Rail Class 360
- OS/360 and successors
- Arian controversy
- Xbox 360
- 4th century BC
- 300 (number)
- Vova and Olga Galchenko
