• Source: Al-Nayrizi

Abū’l-‘Abbās al-Faḍl ibn Ḥātim al-Nairīzī (Arabic: أبو العباس الفضل بن حاتم النيريزي; Persian: ابوالعباس فضل بن حاتم نیریزی; Latin: Anaritius, Nazirius, c. 865 – c. 922) was a Persian mathematician and astronomer from Nayriz, now in Fars Province, Iran.




Life


Little is known of al-Nairīzī, though his nisba refers to the town of Neyriz. He mentioned al-Mu'tadid, the Abbasid caliph, in his works, and so scholars have assumed that al-Nairīzī flourished in Baghdad during this period. Al-Nairīzī wrote a book for al-Mu'tadid on atmospheric phenomena. He died in c. 922.




Mathematics


Al-Nayrizi wrote a commentary to the translation in Arabic by Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Maṭar of Euclid's Elements. Both the translation and the commentary have survived, as well as a 12th-century Latin translation by Gerard of Cremona. Al-Nayrizi's commentary contains unique extracts of two other commentaries on the Elements, produced by Hero of Alexandria and Simplicius of Cilicia.
Al-Nairīzī used the umbra (versa), the equivalent to the tangent, as a genuine trigonometric line, as did the Persian astronomer al-Marwazi before him. He gave a proof of the Pythagorean theorem using the Pythagorean tiling.
Al-Nayrizi gave a mathematical proof of the parallel postulate based on the assumption that parallel lines are equidistant. He wrote a treatise on an exact method for the numerical determination of the kibla and a text about a device for measuring the heights, widths, and depths.




Astronomy


Al-Nairīzī wrote a treatise on the spherical astrolabe, an elaborate work that seems to be the best Persian work on the subject. It is divided into four books:

An historical and critical introduction of the astrolabe;
A description of the instrument; and a comparison with other astronomical instruments;
Applications of the instrument;
Applications of the instrument.
Ibn al-Nadim mentions Nayrizi as a distinguished astronomer with eight works by him listed in his book al-Fihrist.
Al-Nayrizi's most important astronomical works, his commentary on Ptolemy's Almagest and both his zijes, are lost. He produced treatises on the spherical astrolabe and astrological conjunctions, both of which are extant.




References






Sources


Hogendijk, J.P. (1986). "Al-Nayrīzī". The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 7. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-09419-9.
Nelsen, Roger B. (2003). "Paintings, plane tilings, and proofs" (PDF). Math Horizons. 11 (2). Mathematical Association of America: 5–8. doi:10.1080/10724117.2003.12021741. S2CID 126000048.
Sarton, George (1962). Introduction to the History of Science. Vol. 1. Baltimore, Maryland: Published for the Carnegie Institution of Washington, by the Williams & Wilkins Co. OCLC 1238437.




= Texts and translations

=
Euclid (1893). Besthorn, R. O.; Heiberg, J. L. (eds.). Codex Leidensis 339, I. Euclidis Elementa (in Latin and Arabic). Translated by Abū ʹl ʹAbbās al-Fadhl ibn Hātim al-Narīzī. Haunia (Copenhagen): Libraria Glydendaliana. OCLC 66287985.
Al-Nairīzī, Abū’l-‘Abbās al-Faḍl ibn Ḥātim (1993). Tummers, P. M. J. E. (ed.). Anaritius' Commentary on Euclid. The Latin Translation, I-IV (in Latin). Turnhout: Brepols. ISBN 978-90-70419-35-6.




Further reading


Brentjez, Sonja (1992). "Der Ṯābit b. Qurra zugeschriebene Zusatz I, 462 zu Euklid I, 46 in MS Leiden 399,1". In Demidov, S.S.; Rowe, D.; Folkerts, M.; Scriba, C.J. (eds.). Amphora (in German). Basel.: Birkhäuser. pp. 91–120. doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-8599-7_5. ISBN 978-3-0348-9696-2.
DeYoung, Gregg (2007). "Nayrīzī: Abū al-ʿAbbās al-Faḍl ibn Ḥātim al-Nayrīzī". In Thomas Hockey; et al. (eds.). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer. p. 823. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0. (PDF version)
O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Abu'l Abbas al-Fadl ibn Hatim Al-Nayrizi", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
Sabra, A. I. (1981). "Al-Nayrīzī, Abu'l-'Abbās Al-Faḍl Ibn Ḥātim". In Gillispie, Charles Coulston; Holmes, Frederic Lawrence (eds.). Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 10. New York: Scribner. pp. 5–7. OCLC 755137603.
Sezgin, Fuat (2021). "III. Arab mathematicians". Sezgin Online. Brill. doi:10.1163/2667-3975_SEZO_COM_503. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
Suter, Heinrich (1900). Die Mathematiker und Astronomen der Araber und ihre Werke (in German). Leipzig: Teubner. p. 45. OCLC 230703086.




External links


Al-Nairizi's Commentary on Euclid's Elements - Codex Leidensis 399: Euclidis Elementa cum Commentariis al-Nairzii (Bestorn, Heiberg) - ابو العباس الفضل بن حاتم النريزى كتاب اوقليدس المختصر فى علم الاصول المقدمة from Joseph G. Leichter (sel-published)
Texts relating to al-Nayrizi from the Bibliothèque nationale de France

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