• Source: Astrothelium

Astrothelium is a large genus of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichens in the family Trypetheliaceae. The genus is characterized by a corticate thallus and diverse ascomata structures, which can be simple, aggregated, or forming pseudostromata. Astrothelium is also notable for the carbonized walls of its ascomata, the so-called textura intricata (i.e., tightly interwoven) arrangement of cells in these walls, and various forms of distoseptate, transparent spores.




Taxonomy


The genus was circumscribed in 1824 by German botanist Franz Gerhard Eschweiler, with Astrothelium conicum assigned as the type species.




Description


The thallus, or the vegetative body of Astrothelium, is corticate, meaning it is covered by a protective cortex. The ascomata, which are the fruiting bodies containing the reproductive spores, can appear in various forms such as simple, aggregated, or forming pseudostromata. These structures often differ in their composition and colour, and can be used as characters to distinguish between species. The ascomata can range from being immersed within the thallus to prominently displayed on the surface. The ostioles, or small openings that allow the release of spores, can be located at the apex or eccentrically on the ascomata and may appear as either simple or fused structures.
Astrothelium is also notable for its ascomatal wall, which is made up of hyphal cells and is typically carbonized. The wall features a textura intricata, a term used to describe a tightly interwoven arrangement of cells.
Within the hamathecium, the tissue that houses the asci (spore-producing structures), the cells are either clear or filled with oil droplets. The ascospores, which are the sexual spores responsible for reproduction, are distoseptate and hyaline in appearance. They can also exhibit a variety of forms, including transversely septate or muriform, reflecting their segmented or multi-cellular nature.




Species


As of January 2024, Species Fungorum accepts 267 species in Astrothelium.

Astrothelium aenascens Aptroot (2016)
Astrothelium aeneoides Aptroot (2016) – Brazil
Astrothelium aeneum (Eschw.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium alboverrucoides Aptroot (2016)
Astrothelium alboverrucum (Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium amazonum (R.C.Harris) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium ambiguum (Malme) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium amylosporum Flakus & Aptroot (2016) – Bolivia
Astrothelium andamanicum (Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium annulare (Fée) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium astrolucidum Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2017) – Brazil
Astrothelium aurantiacocinereum Lücking, Naksuwankul & Lumbsch (2016)
Astrothelium aurantiacum (Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium auratum (R.C.Harris) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium aureoirregulare Aptroot & Gumboski (2021)
Astrothelium aureomaculatum (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium basilicum (Kremp.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium bicolor (Taylor) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium bireagens Lücking, N.Marín & Álvaro (2023) – Colombia
Astrothelium bivelum Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2016) – Brazil
Astrothelium buckii (R.C.Harris) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium bullatothallinum Aptroot & Sipman (2019) – Venezuela
Astrothelium bullatum Flakus & Aptroot (2016) – Bolivia
Astrothelium calosporum (Müll.Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium campylocartilagineum Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium carassense Lücking, M.P.Nelsen & Marcelli (2016)
Astrothelium carrascoense Flakus, Kukwa & Aptroot (2016) – Bolivia
Astrothelium cartilagineum (Fée) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium cayennense Aptroot & Sipman (2019) – French Guiana
Astrothelium cecidiogenum (Aptroot & Lücking) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium ceratinum (Fée) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium chapadense (Malme) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium chrysoglyphum (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium chrysostomum (Kremp.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium chulumanense Flakus, Kukwa & Aptroot (2023) – Bolivia
Astrothelium cinereorosellum (Kremp.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium cinereum (Müll.Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium citrisporum Aptroot, Oliveira-Junior & M.Cáceres – Brazil
Astrothelium clypeatum Aptroot & Gueidan (2016)
Astrothelium coccineum Córd.-Cháv., Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2014) – Mexico
Astrothelium colombiense Aptroot (2016)
Astrothelium condoricum Aptroot (2016)
Astrothelium confluens (Müll.Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium conicum Eschw. (1824)
Astrothelium conjugatum Weerakoon & Aptroot (2016)
Astrothelium consimile (Müll.Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium corallinum Aptroot (2016)
Astrothelium corticatum (Makhija & Patw.) Kr.P.Singh & G.P.Sinha (2010)
Astrothelium crassum (Fée) Aptroot (2008)
Astrothelium cryptolucens Lücking, M.P.Nelsen & N.Salazar (2016)
Astrothelium curvatum Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2016) – Brazil
Astrothelium curvisporum Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2016) – Brazil
Astrothelium decemseptatum Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2016) – Brazil
Astrothelium deforme (Fée) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium defossum (Müll.Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium degenerans (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium diaphanocorticatum Aptroot & Sipman (2019) – Papua New Guinea
Astrothelium dicoloratum Aptroot (2016)
Astrothelium dimidioinspersum M.Cáceres & Aptroot (2017) – Brazil
Astrothelium disjunctum Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2016) – Brazil
Astrothelium dissimilum (Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium duplicatum Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2016) – Brazil
Astrothelium ecuadorense Aptroot (2016)
Astrothelium effusum (Aptroot & Sipman) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium elixii Flakus & Aptroot (2016) – Bolivia
Astrothelium endochryseum (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium eumultiseptatum Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2016) – Brazil
Astrothelium eustominspersum Aptroot & Oliveira-Junior (2021) – Brazil
Astrothelium eustomurale Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2016) – Brazil
Astrothelium exostemmatis (Müll.Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium fallax Müll.Arg. (1885)
Astrothelium feei (C.F.W. Meissn.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium fernandae Aptroot (2020)
Astrothelium ferrugineum (Müll.Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium fijiense Lücking, Naksuwankul & Lumbsch (2016)
Astrothelium flavocoronatum Luangsuph., Aptroot & Sangvichien (2016)
Astrothelium flavoduplex Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2016) – Brazil
Astrothelium flavogigasporum Aptroot (2021) – Brazil
Astrothelium flavomaculatum Aptroot (2016)
Astrothelium flavomegaspermum Aptroot & Etayo (2017)
Astrothelium flavomeristosporum Aptroot (2016)
Astrothelium flavomurisporum Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2016) – Brazil
Astrothelium flavostiolatum Aptroot (2016)
Astrothelium flavostromatum Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2016) – Brazil
Astrothelium flavum Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2016) – Brazil
Astrothelium fuscosporum Soto-Medina, Aptroot & Lücking (2017)
Astrothelium galbineum Kremp. (1875)
Astrothelium galligenum (Aptroot) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium gigantosporum (Müll.Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium globosum Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2016) – Brazil
Astrothelium graphicum Aptroot & S.M.Martins (2016) – Brazil
Astrothelium grossoides Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium guianense Aptroot (2016)
Astrothelium gyalostiolatum Aptroot (2022) – Brazil
Astrothelium himalayense (Upreti & Aptroot) Aptroot & Schumm (2021)
Astrothelium indicum (Upreti & Ajay Singh) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium infossum (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium infravulcanum Aptroot (2022) – Brazil
Astrothelium infuscatulum (Müll.Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium inspersaeneum E.L.Lima, Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2013)
Astrothelium inspersonitidulum Aptroot & B.M.C. Barbosa 2022(2022) – Brazil
Astrothelium inspersoconicum Aptroot & Weerakoon (2018)
Astrothelium inspersogalbineum Aptroot & Weerakoon (2016)
Astrothelium inspersotuberculosum Flakus & Aptroot (2016) – Bolivia
Astrothelium intermedium Aptroot & Lücking (2008)
Astrothelium introflavidum Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2017) – Brazil
Astrothelium irregulare (Müll.Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium isidiatum Kukwa, Flakus & Rodr.Flakus (2023) – Bolivia
Astrothelium isohypocrellinum Aptroot & Weerakoon (2018)
Astrothelium jiangxiense S.H.Jiang & C.Zhang (2022)
Astrothelium keralense (Upreti & Ajay Singh) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium komposchii Aptroot (2016)
Astrothelium kunzei (Fée) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium laevithallinum Lücking, M.P.Nelsen & Marcelli (2016)
Astrothelium laurerosphaerioides Aptroot (2016)
Astrothelium leioplacum (Müll.Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium leucosessile Lücking, M.P.Nelsen & Aptroot (2016)
Astrothelium lineatum Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2016)
Astrothelium longisporum Aptroot, J.R.Silva & M.Cáceres (2016) – Brazil
Astrothelium lucidomedullatum Aptroot (2016)
Astrothelium lucidostromum Aptroot (2016)
Astrothelium lucidothallinum Aptroot (2016)
Astrothelium lugescens (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium luminothallinum S.H.Jiang & C.Zhang (2022)
Astrothelium luridum (Zahlbr.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium macrocarpum (Fée) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium macroeustomum Aptroot & Sipman (2019) – French Guiana
Astrothelium macrosporum (Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium macrostiolatum Luangsuph., Aptroot & Sangvichien (2016)
Astrothelium macrostomoides Lücking, M.P.Nelsen & Benatti (2016)
Astrothelium macrostomum Aptroot (2016) – Brazil

Astrothelium marcidum (Fée) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium mediocrassum Aptroot (2016)
Astrothelium medioincrassatum Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2021) – Brazil
Astrothelium megacrypticum Lücking, M.P.Nelsen & N.Salazar (2016)
Astrothelium megaeneum Flakus & Aptroot (2016) – Bolivia
Astrothelium megaleium (Kremp.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium megalophthalmum (Müll.Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium megalostomum (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium megaspermum (Mont.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium megatropicum Aptroot (2016)
Astrothelium megeustomum Aptroot & C.A.V. Fraga (2016) – Brazil
Astrothelium megeustomurale M.Cáceres & Aptroot (2017) – Brazil
Astrothelium meghalayense (Makhija & Patw.) Pushpi Singh & Kr.P. Singh (2015)
Astrothelium megochroleucum Aptroot (2016)
Astrothelium meiophorum (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium meristosporoides (P.M.McCarthy & Vongshew.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium meristosporum (Mont. & Bosch) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium mesoduplex Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2016) – Brazil
Astrothelium miniannulare Kalb & Aptroot (2018)
Astrothelium minicecidiogenum Aptroot & Sipman (2019) – Costa Rica
Astrothelium mordonialense Simijaca, Lücking & Moncada (2021)
Astrothelium muriconicum Aptroot & M.F.Souza (2021)
Astrothelium neglectum Luangsuph., Aptroot & Sangvichien (2016)
Astrothelium neodiplocarpum Flakus, Kukwa & Aptroot (2016) – Bolivia
Astrothelium neogalbineum (R.C.Harris) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium neoinspersum Aptroot (2016)
Astrothelium neovariolosum Luangsuph., Aptroot & Sangvichien (2016)
Astrothelium nicaraguense Lücking, M.P.Nelsen & T.Orozco (2016)

Astrothelium nigratum (Müll.Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium nigrocacuminum Flakus, Kukwa & Aptroot (2016) – Bolivia
Astrothelium nigrorufum (Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium nigrum Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2016) – Brazil
Astrothelium nitidiusculum (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium nitidulum Weerakoon & Aptroot (2014)
Astrothelium norisianum Lücking, M.P.Nelsen & Aptroot (2016)
Astrothelium novemseptatum Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2016) – Brazil
Astrothelium obtectum Lücking, M.P.Nelsen & Benatti (2016)
Astrothelium ochraceum Aptroot (2020)
Astrothelium ochroleucoides Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2016) – Brazil
Astrothelium octoseptatum Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2016) – Brazil
Astrothelium octosporoides Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium octosporum (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium oligocarpum (Müll.Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium olivaceofuscum (Zenker) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium palaeoexostemmatis Sipman & Aptroot (2019) – Thailand
Astrothelium pallidoflavum Flakus & Aptroot (2016) – Bolivia
Astrothelium papillosum (P.M. McCarthy) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium papulosum (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium parathelioides Aptroot & B.M.C. Barbosa (2022) – Brazil
Astrothelium peranceps (Kremp.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium perspersum Aptroot & Ertz (2016)
Astrothelium phaeothelium (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium philippinense Aptroot & Schumm (2016)
Astrothelium phlyctaena (Fée) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium pictum Aptroot (2016) – Brazil
Astrothelium porosum (Ach.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium praetervisum (Müll.Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium pseudannulare Aptroot & Etayo (2016)
Astrothelium pseudocrassum S.H.Jiang & C.Zhang (2022)
Astrothelium pseudodermatodes Aptroot (2020)
Astrothelium pseudodissimulum Aptroot (2016)
Astrothelium pseudoferrugineum Aptroot (2016)
Astrothelium pseudomegalophthalmum Aptroot (2016)
Astrothelium pseudoplatystomum (Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium pseudovariatum (Upreti & Ajay Singh) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium puiggarii (Müll.Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium pulcherrimum (Fée) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium pupula (Ach.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium purpurascens (Müll.Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium pustulatum (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium pyrenuliforme Flakus & Aptroot (2016) – Bolivia
Astrothelium quasimamillanum Aptroot & C.O.Mendonça (2019) – Brazil
Astrothelium quatuorseptatum Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2016) – Brazil
Astrothelium quintannulare Aptroot (2022) – Brazil
Astrothelium quintosulphureum Aptroot & M. Cáceres (2022) – Brazil
Astrothelium rhinothallinum Kalb & Aptroot (2018)
Astrothelium rimosum Aptroot (2016)
Astrothelium robustosporum Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2016) – Brazil
Astrothelium rogitamae Simijaca, Lücking & Moncada (2021)
Astrothelium rubrocrystallinum Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2016) – Brazil
Astrothelium rubrostiolatum M.Cáceres & Aptroot (2017) – Brazil
Astrothelium rufescens (Müll.Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium sanguinarium (Malme) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium sanguineoxanthum Aptroot (2016)
Astrothelium santessonii (Letr.-Gal.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium saxicola (Malme) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium scoria (Fée) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium scoriothelium Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium scorizum (Müll.Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium septemseptatum Aptroot (2016)
Astrothelium septoconicum Aptroot (2020)
Astrothelium sexloculatum Aptroot (2016)
Astrothelium siamense Luangsuph., Aptroot & Sangvichien (2016)
Astrothelium sierraleonense (C.W.Dodge) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium sikkimense (Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium simplex Aptroot & S.M.Martins (2016) – Brazil
Astrothelium sinense S.H.Jiang & C.Zhang (2021)
Astrothelium sinuosum Aptroot & Gumboski (2016) – Brazil
Astrothelium sipmanii Aptroot (2016)
Astrothelium solitarium Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2016) – Brazil
Astrothelium sordithecium Lücking, M.P.Nelsen & Marcelli (2016)
Astrothelium spectabile (Aptroot & L.I. Ferraro) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium sphaerioides (Mont.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium squamosum Aptroot (2022) – Brazil
Astrothelium stramineum (Malme) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium straminicolor (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium stromatocinnamomeum Aptroot (2022) – Brazil
Astrothelium stromatofluorescens Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2016) – Brazil
Astrothelium stromatolucidum Lücking, N.Marín & Álvaro (2023) – Colombia
Astrothelium studerae Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2019) – Brazil
Astrothelium subcatervarium (Malme) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium subdiscretum (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium subdisjunctum (Müll.Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium subdissocians (Nyl. ex Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium subendochryseum Lücking, M.P.Nelsen & Marcelli (2016)
Astrothelium subeustominspersum S.H.Jiang & C.Zhang (2022)
Astrothelium subinterjectum Lücking, M.P.Nelsen & Jungbluth (2016)
Astrothelium subnitidiusculum (Makhija & Patw.) Pushpi Singh & Kr.P.Singh (2015)
Astrothelium subrufescens S.H.Jiang & C.Zhang (2022)
Astrothelium subscoria Flakus & Aptroot (2016) – Bolivia
Astrothelium subsiamense Y.F.Zhao & Z.F.Jia (2023)
Astrothelium sulphureum (Eschw.) Nyl. (1863)
Astrothelium superbum (Fr.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium supraclandestinum Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2016) – Brazil
Astrothelium tanianum Aptroot & Sipman (2019) – Malaysia
Astrothelium tenue (Aptroot) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium testudineum Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2016) – Brazil
Astrothelium tetrasporum Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2016) – Brazil
Astrothelium thelotremoides (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium trematum Kalb & Aptroot (2018)
Astrothelium trypethelioides Aptroot (2016)
Astrothelium trypethelizans (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium tuberculosum (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium ubianense (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium ultralucens Aptroot (2016)
Astrothelium unisporum Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2016)
Astrothelium valsoides M.Cáceres & Aptroot (2017) – Brazil
Astrothelium variabile Flakus & Aptroot (2016) – Bolivia
Astrothelium variatum (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium vezdae (Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking (2016)
Astrothelium vulcanum Aptroot (2016)
Astrothelium xanthopseudocyphellatum Aptroot (2020)
Astrothelium xanthosordithecium Aptroot (2022) – Brazil
Astrothelium xanthosuperbum Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2016) – Brazil
Astrothelium zebrinum Aptroot (2016)




References

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Astrothelium
• Astrothelium chulumanense
• Astrothelium quatuorseptatum
• Astrothelium condoricum
• Astrothelium globosum
• Astrothelium palaeoexostemmatis
• Astrothelium trematum
• Astrothelium cryptolucens
• Astrothelium rhinothallinum
• Astrothelium flavomaculatum