• Source: Borders of India

The Republic of India shares borders with several sovereign countries; it shares land borders with China, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Pakistan share both land borders as well as maritime borders, while Sri Lanka shares only a maritime border through Ram Setu. India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand, Myanmar, and Indonesia.




Land borders of India



India shares land borders with six sovereign nations. The state's Ministry of Home Affairs also recognizes a 106 kilometres (66 mi) land border with a seventh nation, Afghanistan, as part of its claim on the Kashmir region; however, this is disputed and the region bordering Afghanistan has been administered by Pakistan as part of Gilgit-Baltistan since 1947 (see Durand Line).




Maritime borders of India



Maritime borders of India are the maritime boundary recognized by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea entails boundaries of territorial waters, contiguous zones, and exclusive economic zones. India, with its claim of a 12-nautical-mile (22 km; 14 mi) territorial maritime zone and 200-nautical-mile (370 km; 230 mi) exclusive economic zone, has a more than 7,000-kilometre (4,300 mi) maritime border shared with seven nations.




Border barriers



India does not have a National Border Policy. For the strategic national interest reasons, there are suggestions that India must define a National Border Policy to comprehensively deal with border related issues, not just the fencing of open borders but also to deal with the negative consequences of porous borders. For example, India-Nepal border is an open border with no fence, which has been misused by Pakistan's ISI to create trouble in India. India has constructed the fences along the following borders:

India-Bangladesh border barrier
India–Myanmar border barrier
India-Pakistan border barrier




Border ceremonies



India co-hosts the joint ceremonies with the neighbouring nations at the following border crossings. The most attended and emotionally charged among these is the one at Wagha-Attari Border near Amritsar-Lahore.




= India-Pakistan border

=

At the following border crossing sites the beating retreat flag ceremonies are jointly held by the military of both nations every day at 6 pm, which are open to the public as tourist attractions. No special permit or ticket is needed. From north to south, the ceremony sites are as follows:

Attari–Wagah border ceremony near Amritsar in Punjab.
Ganda Singh Wala–Hussainiwala border ceremony near Firozepur in Punjab.
Sadqi-Sulemanki border ceremony near Fazilka in Punjab.
Khokhrapar–Munabao border ceremony in Barmer district of Rajasthan.




= India-China border

=

India and China have five Border Personnel Meeting point (BPM points) where they hold the flag meeting to discuss the military matters as well as the ceremonial BPMs for cultural exchange to improve bilateral relations by celebrating New Year's Day (January 1), India's Republic Day (January 26), Harvest Festival (April 14), PLA Day ( May 15) and Indian Independence Day (August 15). These meetings include the playing of each country's national anthem and saluting of their respective flags, and ceremonial addresses by representative of both armies. On Indian side only Indian citizens are allowed to visit only 2 passes out of these several BPM passes/sites, Bum La Pass and Nathu La, only on Wednesdays, Thursdays, Saturdays, and Sundays, only after obtaining Inner Line Permit (ILP) one day in advance.
These BPM passes and border posts where these meetings are held, from west to east, are as follows:-

Daulat Beg Oldi
Spanggur Gap (Chushul)
Nathu La: The pass is used for pilgrims to monasteries in Sikkim such as Rumtek, one of the holiest shrines in Buddhism. For Hindus, the pass reduces the journey time to Lake Manasarovar from fifteen days to two days.
Bum La Pass (Tawang): on Sundays and during cultural ceremonies.
Kaho, India (north of Kibithu in Walong sector).




= India-Bangladesh border

=

Benapole–Petrapole border ceremony, a similar but much friendlier ceremony than the Indo-Pakistani Attari-Wagah ceremony, is held daily jointly by India's Border Security Force and Border Guards Bangladesh at India-Bangladesh border from 4.30 to 5 pm. It is open to civilians without any ticket or special permit. The Benapole–Petrapole joint retreat ceremony results in lowering of national flags of India and Bangladesh.




Designated crossings with ICP & LCS



The map of ICP and LCS.




= Integrated Check Posts (ICP)

=

India has 7 functional ICPs, and plans are underway to upgrade 13 more LCS to ICP, including 7 at borders taking total of border ICP to 14, at the cost of ₹3,005 crore (US$360 million) (c. June 2024 ). Designated Integrated Check Posts (ICP), with both customs and immigration facilities are:



India–Bangladesh border


Assam
Karimganj–Golapganj uppozilla in Sylhet District of Bangladesh via Sutarkandi integrated checkpost crossing on NH37(India) and Sheola post (Sylhet division, Bangladesh), the plan announced c. Oct 2017.
Meghalaya
Shillong–Sylhet via Dawki ICP integrated checkpost crossing (Jaintia Hills, India) and Tambil post (Bangladesh). Dawki ICP foundation stone was laid in January 2017 and is in operation since 2018.
Mizoram
Kawrpuichhuah – official spelling (also spelled as Kawarpuchiah or Kawripuichhuah) – near Tlabung in Lunglei district, opened in Oct 2017. The 22 km long Lunglei–Tlabung–Kawrpuichhuah road was upgraded in 2014–2015 in a World Bank-funded project to enhance India-Bangladesh border connectivity. It is located on Khawthalangtuipui river (Karnaphuli)
Tripura
Agartala–Dhaka via Agartala integrated checkpost (India) and Akhaura checkpost crossing, already functional (c. 2017).
"Belonia, India – Parshuram, Bangladesh road and rail crossing checkposts" in South Tripura district which connect the railway from Santirbazar in India to Feni in Bangladesh.
West Bengal (clockwise from Kolkata to north)
Kolkata–Dhaka via Petrapole integrated checkpost crossing, already functional (c. 2017).
Barasat (India) to Ghojadanga (Bangladesh), the plan announced c. Oct 2017.
Mahadipur in Malda district in Malda–Rajshahi via Mahadipur crossing, in-principle approval in 2019.
Fulbari, the plan announced c. Oct 2017.
Hili, plan announced c. Oct 2017.
Changrabandha railway station, in-principle approval in 2019.



India–Bhutan border


Jaigaon at Alipurduar district of West Bengal, plan approved c. 2016.



India–Myanmar border


Moreh ICP, already operational.
Zochawchhuah (Lawngtlai district in India) - Zorinpui (Myanmar) at the Indo-Myanmar border on Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project has already been operational since Oct 2017. Survey for the Rail line from Sairang to Hmawngbuchhuah (1 km north of Zochawchhuah) was completed in August 2017 and it will be constructed in a future phase.



India–Nepal border


Banbasa in Champawat district of Uttarakhand, in-principle approval in 2019.
Bhitthamore in Sitamarhi district of Bihar, in-principle approval in 2019.
Jogbani, Bihar
Panitanki, Darjeeling district of West Bengal, in-principle approval in 2019.
Raxaul, Bihar
Sonauli, Uttar Pradesh.
Rupaidiha, Uttar Pradesh
Taulihawa-Siddharthnagar, Uttar Pradesh



India–Pakistan border


Attari at Wagah in Punjab, already operational (2017) (see Samjhauta Express).
Kartarpur Corridor, a border crossing for Indian citizens, only, to be able to visit Gurdwara Darbar Sahib, from Dera Baba Nanak, visa-free.
Munabao in Barmer district in Rajasthan (see Thar Express)




= Land Customs Stations (LCS)

=



India–Bangladesh border

Designated Land Customs Stations (LCS) are (no immigration facilities):

Assam
Mankachar Land Customs Stations (India) – Rowmari post (Natun Bandar, Rangpur division, Bangladesh)
Karimganj Steamer and Ferry Station (KSFS) (India) – Zakiganj post (Sylhet division, Bangladesh)
Guwahati Steamer Ghat (Dhubri district, India)
Dhubri Steamer Ghat (Dhubri district, India) – Rowmati (Maymansingh division, Bangladesh)
Assam non-functional LCS are:
Mahisasan railway station (Karimganj district, India) – Shahbazpur (Sylhet division)
Golokganj (Dhubri district) – Sonahaat (Rangpur Division)
Silchar Railway Mail Service (India) – independent of the border (no border, inland LCS)
West Bengal
Meghalaya
Baghmara (South Garo Hills, India) – Bijoyour post (Bangladesh)
Bholaganj (East Khasi Hills district) – Chatak (Sunamganj division)
Borsara Land Customs Stations (West Khasi Hills, India) – Borsara post (Bangladesh)
West Garo Hills – Bakshiganj via Mahendraganj crossing on NH12
Tura–Nalitabari via Dalu crossing on NH217 (West Garo Hills, India) and Nakugaon post (Bangladesh)
Shellabazar (West Khasi Hills district) – Sunamganj(Sylhet division)
Gasuapara (South Garo Hills district) – Karoitol (Mymansing division)
Meghalaya non-functional LCS are:
Ryngku (East Khasi Hills district) – Kalibari (Sonamganj division)
Balat (East Khasi Hills district) – Dolura (Sylhet division)
Tripura
Srimantapur (Sipahijala district) – Bibir Bazar (Comilla division), became operational in January 2016.
Dhalaighat (Dhalai district) – Kumarghat (Sunamganj division)
Khowaighat (West Tripura district) – Balla (Habiganj division)
Manu (Dhalai district) – Chatlapur (Sylhet division )
Muhurighat (South Tripura district) – Belonia (Feni division )
Old Ragnabazar (North Tripura district) – Betul (Fultali) (Sylhet division)
Mizoram
Kawarpuchiah integrated checkpost, opened in Oct 2017 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
Non-functional LCS in Mizoram:
Demagiri (Lunglei district) – Rangamati (Sylhet division)



India–Pakistan border





Border bazaars and haats



This proposed list of border bazaars and haats is in varying stages of implementation, as suggested by State Governments to the Ministry of External Affairs for setting up Border Haats.




= India–Bangladesh

=
India–Bangladesh border Haat areas are as follows:

Meghalaya
Balat in West Khasi Hills district
Bholaganj
Kalaichar in West Khasi Hills district
Nalikata
Ryngku
Shibbari
Mizoram
Mamit district
Mapara - Longkor
Tuipuibari - Not provided
Lunglei district
Silsury - Mahmuam
Nunsuri - Not provided
Tripura: Decision on Tripura Haats will be subsequent to the completion of the agreement w.r.t. Meghalaya Haats.
West Tripura district
Kamalasagar
Boxanagar
Bamutia
South Tripura district
Srinagar, Tripura
Ekimpur
North Tripura district
Pal Basti (Raghna),
Hiracherra (Kailasahar)
Kamalpur, Tripura (Dhalai)




= India-Bhutan

=

India-Bhutan Border Haat on India-Bhutan border are in operation, such as the Gelephu-Hatisar border market road entry point, Phuntsholing to its west and Samdrup Jongkhar to its east are two other border market road entry points into Bhutan.




= India–Myanmar

=
India–Myanmar border Haats are.

Arunachal Pradesh Border Haats
Changlang district
Pangsau Pass (Nampong), - Pangsau, Kachin State
Chingsa (Khimiyang Circle) – Langhong, Kachin State
Makantong (Khimiyang Circle) – Ngaimong, Kachin State
Tirap district
Wakka/Pongchao/Lazu – Tirap, Kachin State.
Manipur Border Haats
Ukhrul district
Kongkan Thana – Aungci, suggested by State Government.
Chandel district
New Somtal – Thenjen, or Khampat
Churachandpur district
Behiang – Khenman, or Chikha.
Mizoram Border Haats
Lawngtlai district
Hruitezawl, Lawngtlai district – Varang.
Champhai district
Hnahlan – Darkhai
Vaphai – Leilet
Saiha district – Nviaphia
Chakhang, Saiha district – Nviaphia.
Nagaland Border Haats
Tuensang district
Avakhung – Layshi are 32 km from each other.
Pangsha – Lahe/Hkamti District HQ are 60 km from each other.
Mon district
Chemoho/Longwa – Lahe are 60 km from each other.
Phek district
Molhe – Pansat are 10 km from each other.




In popular media



Pradeep Damodaran's book Borderlands: Travels Across India's Boundaries chronicles all land borders of India. The Bollywood director J. P. Dutta has specialised in making Hindi movies with India's border as a key element of the theme, his movies are Border, Refugee, LOC: Kargil, Paltan, etc.




See also






References






External links


MDoNER Northeast India and SAARC Trade Assessment report
List of countries that have ratified Law of the Sea Conventions

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• Kematian Subhas Chandra Bose
• Indonesia
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• Australia
• Agama Hindu
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• Kashmir
• Jammu dan Kashmir (wilayah persatuan)
• Perbatasan India–Pakistan (Jammu Kashmir)
• Borders of India
• India–Pakistan border
• India–Nepal border
• Bangladesh–India border
• India–Myanmar border
• Bhutan–India border
• India–China Border Roads
• List of countries and territories by number of land borders
• Sino-Indian border dispute
• Line of Actual Control