• Source: Brachydactyly type D

Brachydactyly type D, also known as short thumb, stub thumb, or clubbed thumb, is a genetic trait clinically recognised by a thumb being relatively short and round with an accompanying wider nail bed. The distal phalanx of affected thumbs is approximately two-thirds the length of full-length thumbs. It is the most common type of brachydactyly, or shortness of digits, affecting approximately 2–3% of the population, and is associated with the HOXD13 gene, located on chromosome 2q31.1.




Physiology


Brachydactyly type D is a skeletal condition which exhibits a 'partial fusion or premature closing of the epiphysis with the distal phalanx of the thumb', according to Goodman et alia (1965). J.K. Breithenbecher (1923) found that distal phalanges of short thumbs were one-half the length of full-length thumbs, while R.M. Stecher (1957) claimed that it is approximately two-thirds. The condition may either be unilateral (affecting one thumb) or bilateral (affecting both).




Genetics


A genetic trait, brachydactyly type D exhibits autosomal dominance and is commonly developed or inherited independently of other hereditary traits. The condition is associated with the HOXD13 gene, which is central in digital formation and growth.
Various other studies supported an autosomal dominant pattern with reduced penetrance.




Hereditary trait


A 1965 scientific study in Israel found that 3.05% of Israeli Arabs had one or two short thumbs, compared with 1.57% among Ashkenazi as well as non-Ashkenazi Jews. However, as the survey's Arab test persons were mainly recruited from a handful of large and closely related clans living in a particular village, said percentage should be "considered with some reservation," according to Goodman et al. (1965).
Cases of short thumbs have also been found in Eastern Nepal for Jirel ethnic individuals from their participation in various epidemiologic studies. Some studies included taking radiographs of hands and wrists to examine their skeletal structure. Of the studied sample (which included 2,130 participants; 1,161 female and 969 male), 3.55% were found to have brachydactyly type D.




Terminology


The condition is known under numerous names. The most commonly used name is clubbed thumb, or club thumb. American researcher R.A. Hefner used the terms "short thumb" and "brachymegalodactylism" in 1924, and "short thumb" has continued to be used in a few other studies since then, including the study that defined Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome in 1963. "Stub thumb" is the common term preferred by the online database Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man and was first used in a 1965 study. Stub thumbs have also been called murderer's thumb (allegedly among fortune tellers), hammer thumb, bohemian thumb, toe thumb, and potter's thumb.




References

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Brachydactyly type D
• Brachydactyly
• Hirschsprung's disease-type D brachydactyly syndrome
• List of diseases (B)
• Megan Fox
• BDD
• Brachydactyly-preaxial hallux varus syndrome
• Brachydactyly-long thumb syndrome
• Racquet nail
• Brachyphalangy