• Source: Bracovirus

Bracovirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Polydnaviridae. Bracoviruses are an ancient symbiotic virus contained in parasitic braconid wasps that evolved off of the nudivirus about 190 million years ago and has been evolving at least 100 million years. It is one of two genera belonging to the Polydnaviridae family, Ichnovirus being the other genus. There are 32 species in this genus.




Symbiosis


Parasitoid wasps in the subfamilies Microgastrinae, Miracinae, Cheloninae, Cardiochilinae, Khoikhoiinae, and Mendesellinae are the natural hosts for Bracoviruses, though the virus does not cause disease in these wasps. Instead, the wasps are themselves parasites of lepidoptera. The wasp injects one or more eggs into its lepidoptera host along with a quantity of virus. The virus does not replicate inside the wasp's host, but expression of viral genes prevents its immune system from killing the wasp's egg and causes other physiological alterations that ultimately cause the parasitized host to die. Studies conducted on Cotesia congregata have shown that male wasps do contain proviral sequences of DNA, but the females are the ones responsible for the amplification of the viral DNA.




Taxonomy


The genus Bracovirus contained the 32 species in ICTV versions 1999a-2020 The genus Bracoviriform contains the following 31 species starting ICTV version 2021 The species Ichnoviriform rostralis, previously known as Tranosema rostrale bracovirus was moved to Ichnoviriform (Ichnovirus) from Bracoviriform (Bracovirus) in 2021.




Structure


Viruses in Bracovirus are enveloped, with prolate ellipsoid and cylindrical geometries. Genomes are circular and segmented, around 2.0-31kb in length. The genome of the virus is enveloped with 35 double stranded DNA (dsDNA) all of which are circular.




Life cycle


Viral replication is nuclear. DNA-templated transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by nuclear pore export. Transmission routes are parental.
The replication of the Bracoviriform occurs within the ovaries of a parasitic wasps in calyx cells and is maintained by vertical transmission and to go into further detail the packaged genome of dsDNA is replicated inside of the wasp ovaries by development of the sequences of the virus from proviral segments in the tandem arrays in the wasp genome. The development of the sequences of Bracoviriform shows head-to-head and tail-to-tail sequences, which is unexpected, given that it has evolved from the nudivirus The research conducted on Cotesia congregata shows that the viral genome contains one to three proviral segments.
The virus like particle is transmitted into a lepidopteran host (a caterpillar) and infects and manipulates the physiology of the caterpillar so that it can be used as a living incubator for wasp larvae. When this happens the virus disrupts the caterpillar's immune system causing paralysis and inhibiting the pupating of the host. The arresting of the host increases the chance of success of the wasp larva developing successfully.






References






External links


Viralzone: Bracovirus
ICTV

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Bracovirus
• Polydnaviriformidae
• Lepidoptera
• Genetically modified insect
• Ichnovirus
• Cotesia vestalis
• Horizontal gene transfer
• Cotesia congregata
• Hemolin
• Polinton