- Source: Cepheid (company)
Cepheid is an American molecular diagnostics company that is a wholly owned subsidiary of Danaher Corporation. Its systems automate traditional nucleic acid tests (tests for specific sequences of DNA or RNA). The tests can be used to identify and analyze pathogens and genetic disorders. Cepheid sells clinical tests for healthcare-associated infections, infectious diseases, sexual health, oncology and genetics.
The cartridges used in Cepheid's testing machines are single-use and must be bought from the manufacturer. The company has been accused of profiteering, particularly in developing countries, by pricing the cartridges at many times the cost of production, and engaging in price discrimination.
System
Cepheid owns the GeneXpert rapid molecular diagnostic system, its main product. The system was developed in the 1990s; the design remained substantially the same from the turn of the century to 2020. Similar tests have subsequently been developed by Abbott and Roche.
The GeneXpert system identifies organisms from their DNA. It extracts genetic material from a sample and, in the case of RNA viruses, it converts the RNA into DNA first. The GeneXpert test is basically an automated version of standard real-time PCR (polymerase chain reaction) amplification and detection.
Each sample to be tested is added to a single-use GeneXpert cartridge, sold by Cepheid; after this, the tests are self-contained and fully-automated. The cartridge contains an injection-moulded series of plastic chambers, which hold the chemicals and the sample. To run the test, multiple cartridges are loaded into a desktop machine (also made by Cepheid, but reusable). The sample and chemicals are moved into the test chambers using microfluidics: there is a rotary valve in the center, and some small plungers; the plungers push the sample into the valve, the valve rotates to a new position, and the sample is then pulled out into a new chamber. The machine provides the temperature cycling needed for the PCR (much like a programmable oven). This makes many copies of DNA matching the sample (amplification). Finally, the presences or absence of the pathogen is detected using FISH probes. These are short sections of DNA which have been made to attach to a fluorescent molecule. If the DNA from the sample matches the DNA of the FISH probes, the two bind, and the sample fluoresces. An optical system detects the glow, or its absence. A test for a new disease can be made by simply swapping in a FISH probe that matches the sequence of the new disease.
= Tests
=Tests for which a GeneXpert cartridge is sold as of 2021 (not exhaustive):
History
The key engineering innovations underlying GeneXpert technologies, as well as early versions of the product and field testing, were done at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory at the University of California. It was funded by the microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) program of the DARPA and the U.S. Army, as well as through LLNL’s internal budget.
Cepheid was founded in 1995 and mainly funded by the US military until the 2001 anthrax attacks. It had received $15 million in Defense Department research and development money prior to the attacks.
During the 2001 anthrax attacks, U.S. federal agencies contracted with Cepheid to track the anthrax. In 2003, the company put a temporary hold on some healthcare development to work with defense contractor, Northrop Grumman, on a U.S. federal government contract to install anthrax detection systems at US Post Office sites nationwide.
Cepheid won the 2006 Industrial Design Excellence Awards for its product, Reagent Bead Dispenser.
The first clinical application for the GeneXpert System was introduced in 2006 with the U.S. FDA clearance of XpertGBS, a rapid molecular diagnostic test for Group B Streptococcus in expectant women. That same year, XpertGBS was categorized by the FDA as "Moderate Complexity" under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA). It was the first amplified molecular diagnostic test using real-time PCR to receive this categorization. This allowed the test to be performed by the over 27,000 institutions registered for CLIA Moderate Complexity in addition to the approximately 7,000 institutions registered for High Complexity tests.
In 2012, Cepheid won a contract with the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs for its MRSA reagent test kits.
As of March 31, 2014, Cepheid markets 14 U.S. FDA-cleared clinical in vitro diagnostic (IVD) tests in the U.S. and 16 IVD tests internationally and has placed 6,012 GeneXpert systems globally.
As of March 2020, there are over 23 000 GeneXpert machines globally, 7,000–10,000 of them in Africa, Latin America and South-East Asia, with over a hundred in some African countries, due to long-term investment in tuberculosis-testing infrastructure by The Global Fund, among others.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Cepheid announced a partnership with Sherlock Biosciences in February 2020 to begin development of a CRISPR-based diagnostic test for the SARS-CoV-2 (then called "2019-nCov") virus, to run on the same machines as Cepheid's 20-year-old GeneXpert tests, as there were machines already installed in hospitals. In March 2020, the company announced a rapid diagnostic test for SARS-CoV-2; the U.S. FDA granted an emergency use authorization for the test. The diagnostic is designed to run on any of the (over 23,000) existing Cepheid GeneXpert machines worldwide, with the standard 45 minute detection time.
Pricing controversy
There has been controversy around Cepheid's test-cartridge pricing. Since 2020, there has been a call from the public health community to reduce cartridge pricing to $5, as current prices remain a barrier to use in developing countries with high testing needs.
In August 2012, a public-private partnership including the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, United States Agency for International Development, Unitaid, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation announced a subsidy plan that reduced the cost of GeneXpert MTB/RIF for TB testing from $16.86 to $9.98 in developing countries. It was recognized that the higher price had been impeding use of the test in low and middle-income countries. The Gates Foundation made an initial $3.5 million payment to fund the drop to start immediately.
In 2020, Cepheid announced that they would charge US$19.80 per COVID-19 test in developing countries (prices are higher in middle-income countries; for instance, GeneXpert TB tests cost $55–82 per cartridge in Indonesia). Doctors Without Borders stated that that price was not affordable in countries where people live on less than two dollars a day. They estimated that the cost to Cepheid of providing the test is as low as $3, and called the offered price profiteering, asking that Cepheid make a more moderate profit by selling the tests for US$5 each.
The Treatment Action Group (TAG) seconded this request, saying that the development of the tests, and their purchase and global deployment, has been done with public funds, while the owners of Cepheid (Danaher Corporation) made profits of $3 billion in 2019. They requested the same price reduction for all the tests using the same technique, including HIV, tuberculosis, and Hepatitis C, as the costs are similar regardless of the disease (see above). They pointed out that the cartridges for testing for COVID-19 were twice the price of nearly-identical cartridges for tuberculosis, as of March 2020. The International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease also gave public support. Some dozens of organizations worldwide had joined the “Time for $5” campaign as of October 2019.
On September 12, 2023, a campaign was launched by author and vlogger John Green to continue the fight to lower the cost of TB cartridges to $5. One week later, Cepheid and Danaher announced a 20% price reduction for their Xpert MTB/RIF TB test cartridge, from $9.98 to $7.97 in high TB-burden countries. However, their Xpert MTB/XDR test used to diagnose for drug-resistant TB, which is the deadliest form, remained unchanged at $14.90.
Corporate status
Cepheid was founded in March 1996 by Thomas Gutshall, Bill McMillan, Dr. Kurt Petersen, Dr. Greg Kovacs, Steven Young and Dr. Allen Northrup.
The company went public in 2000. The initial public offering was June 21, 2000 at US$6 per share. Cepheid stock was listed on the Nasdaq under the ticker symbol CPHD until it was acquired by Danaher in 2016.
The company's first CEO was Tom Gutshall, who held the position from 1996 to 2002. In April 2002, John L. Bishop was appointed CEO.
In August 2016, the company had a market capitalization of US$2.66 billion.
In late 2016, Danaher Corp. bought Cepheid for US$4 billion, citing a large base of already-installed test instruments, and a wide menu of tests that fit in them.
Cepheid is headquartered in Sunnyvale, California.
See also
GeneXpert MTB/RIF (the tuberculosis test)
Nucleic acid test (the technique automated by Cepheid)
Robert Guthrie (Classic case of test for PKU, developed with government funds, that was licensed to a commercial company and sold at an unaffordable price.)
Notes
References
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- Cepheus
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- Cepheid (company)
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- GeneXpert MTB/RIF
- Danaher Corporation
- Polaris
- Diagnosis of tuberculosis
- Henrietta Swan Leavitt
- Radiometer (company)
- Paul Jr. Designs
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