• Source: Chen (state)

Chen (Chinese: 陈国; Chinese: 陳國; pinyin: Chen Guo) was a state founded by the Duke Hu of Chen during the Zhou dynasty of ancient China. It existed from c. 1045 BC–479 BC. Its capital was Wanqiu, in present-day Huaiyang County in the plains of eastern Henan province. Chen, the 4th most popular Chinese surname in the world, and members of the Hu clan, the 13th most popular Chinese surname in the world, would claim descent from the Duke Hu of Chen who was in turn descended from the legendary Emperor Shun. At its peak, Chen encompassed fourteen cities in modern-day Henan and Anhui.




Name


It is written 陳 the same as the Chen surname. In ancient texts, it is sometimes misspelled as 敶, also pronounced Chen.




Territory


Chen was originally from Taihao (太昊、太皞), the capital of Fuxi's clan. It was south of the Yellow River.




= Capital

=

Its capital was Wanqiu, in present-day Huaiyang County in the plains of eastern Henan province. Zhu Xi explains that Wanqiu means "[a hill] with a crater on top surrounded by high walls on all four sides".




History



According to tradition, the royal family of Chen were descendants of the legendary sage king Emperor Shun. After the conquest of the Shang dynasty in 1046/45 BC, King Wu of Zhou enfeoffed his son-in-law Gui Man, a descendant of Shun, at Chen, and Man became known as Duke Hu of Chen (Chen Hugong).
Duke Shēn of Chen, son of Hugong then became second duke of Chen.

Chen later became an ally state of Chu, fighting as an ally of Chu at the Battle of Chengpu. It was finally unified with the Chu in 479 BC. Many people of Chen then took the name of their former country as their family name, and account for the many of Chinese people with the family name Chen today. After the destruction of the old Chu capital at Ying, Chen became the Chu capital.




Achievements and descendants


The founding duke, formally known as Duke Hu of Chen, is credited with being the originator of the Hu (surname) and the Chen (surname).
The Chen clan would later found the Chen dynasty of China and then the Trần dynasty, a golden age of Vietnam (陳朝 Tran is the Vietnamese pronunciation of Chen).
In 1400 AD, Hồ Quý Ly overthrew the Trần dynasty and established the Hồ dynasty (Hồ is the Vietnamese pronunciation for "Hu"). He claimed to be a descendant of Chen Hugong and Emperor Shun, and changed the name of Vietnam from Đại Việt to Đại Ngu (大虞), or Great Ngu (Ngu is the Vietnamese pronunciation for Yu 虞 the legendary state of Emperor Shun).
In ancient times 陳 sounded similar to 東 dong, meaning 'East'. It also sounded similar to 田 tian. After the warring states period, some members of the Chen clan in Qi (state) adopted the surname 田 Tian, which later became popular in Chinese and Japanese surnames.
In summary, surnames with descent from Chen include:

Chen surname 陳姓
Gui surname 妫姓
Hu surname 胡姓
Tian surname 田姓
Yu surname 虞姓
Yao surname 姚姓
Yuan surname 袁姓




Culture


The Shijing has at least 10 songs dedicated to Chen:《宛丘》、《東門之枌》、《衛門》、《東門之池》、《東門之楊》、《墓門》、《防有鵲巢》、《月出》、《株林》、《澤陂》。




Rulers


The state of Chen lasted nearly 600 years and produced over 25 rulers. In chronological order from first to last (note Hu Gong means Duke of Hu and vice versa):

Duke Hu of Chen
Duke Shēn of Chen
Duke Xiang of Chen
Duke Xiao of Chen
Duke Shèn of Chen
Duke You of Chen
Duke Xi of Chen
Duke Wu of Chen
Duke Yi of Chen
Duke Ping of Chen
Duke Wen of Chen
Duke Huan of Chen
Chen Tuo
Duke Li of Chen
Duke Zhuang of Chen
Duke Xuan of Chen
Duke Mu of Chen
Duke Gong of Chen
Duke Ling of Chen
Xia Zhengshu
Duke Cheng of Chen
Duke Ai of Chen
Prince Liu
Chuan Fengxu
Duke Hui of Chen
Duke Huai of Chen
Duke Min of Chen




Table



Note: the reign lengths of the dukes before Duke You of Chen are derived from conjecture, and are only for reference.




Family tree



See zh:陈国君主世系图




See also


Chen (surname), 陳姓 adopted by people of Chen state
Chen Hugong, founding emperor
Emperor Shun (舜帝), forefather of Chen
Tian Qi 田齊
Gui surname 妫姓
Hu surname 胡姓
Tian surname 田姓
Yu surname 虞姓
Yao surname 姚姓
Yuan surname 袁姓
Yuan Taotu, relative of Chen family




References






= Bibliography

=
Han, Zhaoqi, ed. (2010). "Houses of Chen and Qi". Shiji 史记 (in Chinese). Zhonghua Book Company. ISBN 978-7-101-07272-3.
Ngô, Sĩ Liên (1479). Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư [Complete Annals of Dai Viet] (in Vietnamese).
Yang, Kuan (2003). Xi Zhou Shi 西周史 [History of the Western Zhou] (in Chinese). Shanghai People's Publishing House. ISBN 978-7-208-04538-5.




Reading


《史記》卷36：陳杞世家 [Shiji]
《春秋左氏傳》(始見於隱公三年) [Spring and Autumn period]

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