- Source: Commercial broadcasting
Commercial broadcasting (also called private broadcasting) is the broadcasting of television programs and radio programming by privately owned corporate media, as opposed to state sponsorship, for example. It was the United States' first model of radio (and later television) during the 1920s, in contrast with the public television model during the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s, which prevailed worldwide, except in the United States, Mexico, and Brazil, until the 1980s.
Features
= Advertising
=Commercial broadcasting is primarily based on the practice of airing radio advertisements and television advertisements for profit. This is in contrast to public broadcasting, which receives government subsidies and usually does not have paid advertising interrupting the show. During pledge drives, some public broadcasters will interrupt shows to ask for donations.
In the United States, non-commercial educational (NCE) television and radio exist in the form of community radio; however, premium cable services such as HBO and Showtime generally operate solely on subscriber fees and do not sell advertising. This is also the case for the portions of the two major satellite radio systems that are produced in-house (mainly music programming).
Radio broadcasting originally began without paid commercials. As time went on, however, advertisements seemed less objectionable to both the public and government regulators and became more common. While commercial broadcasting was unexpected in radio, in television it was planned due to commercial radio's success. Television began with commercial sponsorship and later transformed to paid commercial time. When problems arose over patents and corporate marketing strategies, regulatory decisions were made by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to control commercial broadcasting.
= Paid programming
=Commercial broadcasting overlaps with paid services such as cable television, radio and satellite television. Such services are generally partially or wholly paid for by local subscribers and is known as leased access. Other programming (particularly on cable television) is produced by companies operating in much the same manner as advertising-funded commercial broadcasters, and they (and often the local cable provider) sell commercial time in a similar manner.
The FCC's interest in program control began with the chain-broadcasting investigation of the late 1930s, culminating in the "Blue Book" of 1946, Public Service Responsibility For Broadcast Licensees. The Blue Book differentiated between mass-appeal sponsored programs and unsponsored "sustaining" programs offered by the radio networks. This sustained programming, according to the Blue Book, had five features serving the public interest:
Sustaining programs balanced the broadcast schedule, supplementing the soap operas and popular-music programs receiving the highest ratings and most commercial sponsors
They allowed for the broadcast of programs which, by their controversial or sensitive nature, were unsuitable for sponsorship
They supplied cultural programming for smaller audiences
They provided limited broadcast access for non-profit and civic organizations
They made possible artistic and dramatic experimentation, shielded from the pressures of short-run rating and commercial considerations of a sponsor.
Commercial time has increased 31 seconds per hour for all prime time television shows. For example, ABC has increased from 9 minutes and 26 seconds to 11 minutes and 26 seconds.
= Ratings
=Programming on commercial stations is more ratings-driven— particularly during periods such as sweeps in the US and some Latin American countries.
Global commercial broadcasting
= Americas
=Commercial broadcasting is the dominant type of broadcasting in the United States and most of Latin America. "The US commercial system resulted from a carefully crafted cooperation endeavor by national corporations and federal regulators."
The best-known commercial broadcasters in the United States today are the ABC, CBS, Fox, and NBC television networks, based in the United States. Major cable television in the United States operators include Comcast, Charter Communications and Cox Communications. Direct-broadcast satellite (DBS) services include DirecTV and Dish Network.
In an hour of broadcast time on a commercial broadcasting station, 10 to 20 minutes are typically devoted to advertising. Advertisers pay a certain amount of money to air their commercials, usually based upon program ratings or the audience measurement of a station or network. This makes commercial broadcasters more accountable to advertisers than public broadcasting, a disadvantage of commercial radio and television.
= Europe
=In Europe, commercial broadcasting coexists with public broadcasting (where programming is largely funded by broadcast receiver licenses, public donations or government grants).
In the UK, Sky UK is available and WorldSpace Satellite Radio was available.
= Asia
=The best and most known commercial broadcasters in Asia are the South Korean radio and television networks SBS, Hong Kong television networks TVB, Taiwanese television networks FTV and Philippine radio and television networks GMA Network.
List of major commercial broadcasters
Contemporary hit radio in bold.
= Africa
=South Africa
e.tv Media Investment
e.tv (South Africa)
eExtra
eMovies
eMovies Extra
eNCA
eReality
eSeries
eToonz
ePlesier
Community Stations
Cape Town TV
1KZN
1 Free State TV
GauTV
Mpuma Kapa TV
Tshwane TV
Soweto TV
MultiChoice/DStv
1Max
Africa Magic Epic
Africa Magic Family
Africa Magic Showcase
Channel O
kykNET
kykNET & Kie
kykNET Nou
kykNet Lekker
M-Net (South Africa)
M-Net Movies 1
M-Net Movies 2
M-Net Movies 3
M-Net Movies 4
Mzansi Magic
Mzansi Magic Music
Mzansi Wethu
Mzansi Bioskop
OneZed
SuperSport (South Africa)
SuperSport Blitz
SuperSport Grandstand
SuperSport PSL
SuperSport Premier League
SuperSport La Liga
SuperSport Football
SuperSport Variety 1
SuperSport Variety 2
SuperSport Variety 3
SuperSport Variety 4
SuperSport Action
SuperSport Rugby
SuperSport Cricket
SuperSport Golf
SuperSport Tennis
SuperSport Motorsport
SuperSport School
SuperSport WWE
SuperSport Màximo
SuperSport Select 1
SuperSport CSN
SuperSport Play
Zambezi Magic
Tanzania
Azam TV
Azam One
Azam Two
Azam TV Sports (Tanzania)
Azam Tv Sports 1
Azam TV Sports 2
Azam TV Sports 3
Azam TV Sports 4
Al Itrah Broadcasting Network Television (IBNTV)
Barmedas TV
Clouds TV
Clouds FM
Coastal Television Network
East African Television (EATV)
Ebenezer TV
ITV (Independent Television)(Tanzania)
Kwanza TV
Mambo Tv Swahili
Mahaasin TV
Dar es Salaam Television
Radio Tanzania Dar es Salaam
Star TV (Tanzania)
Sinema Zetu
TV E (Tanzania)
UTV
Wasafi TV (WCB)
= Americas
== Asia
== Europe
== Oceania
=Australia
Seven West Media
Seven Network
ATN Sydney
HSV Melbourne
BTQ Brisbane
SAS Adelaide
TVW Perth
STQ Regional Queensland
CBN Southern NSW & ACT
7two
7mate
7flix
7Bravo
7plus
Racing.com
Nine Entertainment
Nine Network
TCN Sydney
GTV Melbourne
QTQ Brisbane
NWS Adelaide
STW Perth
9Gem
9Go!
9Life
9Rush
9Now
Nine Radio
2GB 873 Sydney
3AW 693 Melbourne
4BC 882 Brisbane
6PR 882 Perth
2UE 954 Sydney
4BH 1116 Brisbane
Magic 1278 Melbourne
Paramount Networks UK & Australia
Network 10
TEN Sydney
ATV Melbourne
TVQ Brisbane
ADS Adelaide
NEW Perth
10 Peach
10 Bold
Nickelodeon
10 Play
Paramount+
Southern Cross Austereo
Southern Cross Seven
Southern Cross 10
CTC Southern NSW & ACT
Hit Network
SAFM Adelaide
Hit91.9 Bendigo
Hit104.9 The Border
B105 FM Brisbane
90.9 Sea FM Gold Coast
Hit 100.9 Hobart
SAFM 96.1 Limestone Coast
Fox FM Melbourne
Hit106.9 Newcastle
Mix 94.5 Perth
Hit93.1 Riverina
South Queensland
2Day FM Sydney
Hit103.1 Townsville
Hit Western Australia
Buddha Hits
RnB Fridays
Dance Hits
Easy 80s Hits
Kids Hits
Oldskool 90s Hits
Triple M
Triple M Adelaide
Triple M Bendigo
Triple M The Border
Triple M Brisbane
Triple M Central Coast
Triple M Central Queensland
Triple M Central West
Triple M Darling Downs
Triple M Dubbo
Triple M Gippsland
Triple M Gold Coast
Triple M Goulburn Valley
Triple M Hobart
Triple M Mackay & The Whitsundays
Triple M Melbourne
Triple M Newcastle
Triple M Perth
Triple M Riverina
Triple M Riverina MIA
Triple M Southwest
Triple M Sunraysia
Triple M Sydney
Triple M Townsville
Triple M 90s
Triple M Classic Rock
Triple M Country
Triple M Hard n Heavy
Triple M Soft Rock
Australian Radio Network
KIIS Network
KIIS 101.1 Melbourne
KIIS 106.5 Sydney
96FM Perth
97.3 FM Brisbane
Mix 102.3 Adelaide
96FM 80s
96FM 90s
KIIS 80s
KIIS 90s
Mix 80s
Mix 90s
Pure Gold Network
4KQ Brisbane
Cruise 1323 Adelaide
Gold 104.3 Melbourne
WSFM 101.7 Sydney
Gold 80s
WSFM 80s
CADA
New Zealand
Warner Bros. Discovery New Zealand
Three
ThreePlus1
Bravo
Bravo Plus 1
Rush
Eden
HGTV
TLC
Living
Investigation Discovery
Discovery
Discovery Turbo
Animal Planet
Cartoon Network
CNN International
MediaWorks New Zealand
George FM
Mai FM
Magic
More FM
The Breeze
The Edge
The Rock
The Sound
Today FM
Wandr
New Zealand Media and Entertainment
New Zealand Herald
Weekend Herald
Herald on Sunday
The Northern Advocate
Rotorua Daily Post
Bay of Plenty Times
Hawke's Bay Today
Whanganui Chronicle
Wairarapa Times-Age
Hamilton News
Taupo and Turangi Weekender
Bay News
Whangamata Coastal News
Katikati Advertiser
Waihi Leader
Whakatane News
Central Hawke's Bay Mail
Havelock North Village Press
Horowhenua Chronicle
Kapiti News
Manawatu Guardian
Wairarapa Midweek
Coast
Flava
Hokonui
Mix
Radio Hauraki
The Hits
ZM
ZM Whangarei
ZM Auckland
ZM Waikato
ZM Wellington
ZM Christchurch
Newstalk ZB
Radio Sport
nzherald.co.nz
GrabOne
Driven
YUDU
Sky
Sky Open
Sky 5
Sky Box Sets
Sky Arts
Sky Movies Premiere
Sky Movies Comedy
Sky Movies Action
Sky Movies Greats
Sky Movies Classics
Sky Movies Collection
Sky Movies Family
Sky Sport Select
Sky Sport 1
Sky Sport 2
Sky Sport 3
Sky Sport 4
Sky Sport 5
Sky Sport 6
Sky Sport 7 beIN Sports
Sky Sport 8
Sky Sport 9
Sky Sport Pop-Up
Sky Box Office
Sky Arena
Sky Digital Music
See also
Broadcast clock
Broadcast network
Citizen media
Digital broadcasting
Leonard Plugge
References
External links
Video (audio) interview with Ray Fitzwalter on commercial TV in Britain, The rise and fall of ITV, Frontline Club, London, May 2008.
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
- Uni Penyiaran Eropa
- Aliw Broadcasting Corporation
- Manchester United F.C.
- Indika Group
- RCTI
- Dear.M
- Your Honor (seri televisi)
- Helmy Yahya
- Sky UK
- Boeing Starliner
- Commercial broadcasting
- Public broadcasting
- Commercial Radio Hong Kong
- FM broadcasting
- Broadcasting
- Radio broadcasting
- British Broadcasting Company
- Commercial
- Commercial Neutral Broadcasting Company
- All India Radio
