• Source: Dutch art

Dutch art describes the history of visual arts in the Netherlands, after the United Provinces separated from Flanders. Earlier painting in the area is covered in Early Netherlandish painting and Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting.

Dutch Golden Age painting, spanning from about 1620 to 1680, was a distinct style and movement that evolved out of the Flemish Baroque tradition. It was a period of great artistic achievement in the Netherlands. There was a healthy artistic climate in Dutch cities during the seventeenth century. For example, between 1605 and 1635, over 100,000 paintings were produced in Haarlem. At that time, art ownership in the city was 25%, a record high. After the end of the Golden Age, production of paintings remained high, but ceased to influence the rest of Europe as strongly.
Many painters, sculptors and architects of the seventeenth century are called "Dutch masters", while earlier artists are generally referred to as part of the "Netherlandish" tradition. When a work of art is labelled as 'Dutch School', it means that the specific artist who created it is unknown.
The Hague School of the 19th century re-interpreted the range of subjects of the Golden Age in contemporary terms, and made Dutch painting once again a European leader. In the successive movements of art since the 19th century, the Dutch contribution has been best known from the work of the individual figures of Vincent van Gogh and Piet Mondrian, though both did their best work outside the Netherlands, and took some time to be appreciated. Amsterdam Impressionism had a mainly local impact, but the De Stijl movement, of which Mondrian was a member, was influential abroad.




Golden Age



Dutch Golden Age painting was among the most acclaimed in the world at the time, during the seventeenth century. During the Dutch Golden Age, there was such a high output of paintings that prices for artwork declined. From the 1620s, Dutch painting broke decisively from the Baroque style typified by Rubens in neighboring Flanders into a more realistic style of depiction, very much concerned with the real world. Types of paintings included historical paintings, portraiture, landscapes and cityscapes, still lifes and genre paintings. In the last four of these categories, Dutch painters established styles upon which art in Europe depended for the next two centuries. Paintings often had a moralistic subtext. The Golden Age never really recovered from the French invasion of 1672, although there was a twilight period lasting until about 1710.

Dutch painters, especially in the northern provinces, tried to evoke emotions in the spectator by letting the person be a bystander to a scene of profound intimacy. Portrait painting thrived in the Netherlands in the seventeenth century. Many portraits were commissioned by wealthy individuals. Group portraits similarly were often ordered by prominent members of a city's civilian guard, by boards of trustees and regents, and the likes. Often, group portraits were paid for by each portrayed person individually. The amount paid determined each person's place in the picture, either head to toe in full regalia in the foreground or face only in the back of the group. Sometimes, all group members paid an equal sum, which was likely to lead to quarrels when some members gained a more prominent place in the picture than others. Allegories, in which painted objects conveyed symbolic meaning about the subject, were often applied. Dutch genre paintings often included hidden meanings or messages that were understood by viewers at the time, but may not be easily understood by modern viewers. Favourite topics in Dutch landscapes were the dunes along the western sea coast, rivers with their broad adjoining meadows where cattle grazed, often a silhouette of a city in the distance.
Rembrandt's reputation as a portrait artist had grown by 1631, and he began receiving several portrait commissions in Amsterdam. Around 1640, Rembrandt's work became more somber and reflective, perhaps influenced by personal tragedy and loss. Biblical scenes were now derived more often from the New Testament instead of the Old Testament. One of his most famous paintings is The Night Watch, which was completed in 1642, at the peak of Holland's golden age. The painting was commissioned to be hung in the banquet hall of the newly built Kloveniersdoelen (Musketeers' Meeting Hall) in Amsterdam.

Johannes Vermeer's works are admired for their transparent colors, careful composition, and brilliant use of light. Vermeer painted mostly domestic interior scenes, and even his two known landscapes are framed with a window. The interior scenes are usually genre pieces or portraits.
The Utrecht School is a term used to describe a group of painters working in the city of Utrecht in the 17th century. Their work is considered part of the Baroque period of art history. The Utrecht School painters were influenced by the work of Caravaggio, who had died shortly before their careers began. The Bamboccianti were a group of Dutch genre painters active in Rome from 1625 to 1700, during high and late Baroque. Their works were typically small parlor paintings or etchings of everyday life, including peasants in picturesque scenes.




Nineteenth century






= Hague School

=

By the 19th century, the Netherlands were far behind the up-to-date art tendencies and schools. Possibly the best known Dutch painter in the first half of the 19th century, Johan Barthold Jongkind, after getting an art education in the country, moved over to France and spend most of his life in Paris.
At the same time, Dutch art responded to the realistic tendencies which were developing in France about the same time. The Hague School were around at the start of the nineteenth century. They included Jozef Israëls. Jacob Maris captured the many contrasting aspects of the Dutch landscape, from its deepest shadows to its brightest highlights, and from its hazy atmosphere to its clear, crisp air. "No painter," says M. Philippe Zilcken, "has so well expressed the ethereal effects, bathed in air and light through floating silvery mist, in which painters delight, and the characteristic remote horizons blurred by haze; or again, the grey yet luminous weather of Holland."
Amsterdam Impressionism was current during the middle of the nineteenth century at about the same time as French Impressionism. The painters put their impressions onto canvas with rapid, visible strokes of the brush. They focused on depicting the everyday life of the city. Late nineteenth-century Amsterdam was a bustling centre of art and literature. Famous painters among the Amsterdam Impressionists include George Hendrik Breitner, Willem de Zwart, Isaac Israëls, Simon Duiker and Jan Toorop. George Hendrik Breitner introduced a realism to the Netherlands that created shock waves similar to that of Courbet and Manet's in France. He was the painter of city views par excellence: wooden foundation piles by the harbour, demolition work and construction sites in the old centre, horse trams on the Dam, or canals in the rain. By the turn of the century, Breitner was a famous painter in the Netherlands, as demonstrated by a highly successful retrospective exhibition at Arti et Amicitiae in Amsterdam (1901). When the streets of Amsterdam are grey and rainy, people of Amsterdam whisper grimly "Echt Breitnerweer" (Typical Breitnerweather).




= Vincent van Gogh

=

Vincent van Gogh (30 March 1853 – 29 July 1890) was a post-Impressionist painter whose work, notable for its rough beauty, emotional honesty and bold color, had a far-reaching influence on 20th-century art. After years of painful anxiety and frequent bouts of mental illness, he died aged 37 from a gunshot wound, generally accepted to be self-inflicted (although no gun was ever found). His work was then known to only a handful of people and appreciated by fewer still.

Following his first exhibitions in the late 1880s, van Gogh's fame grew steadily among colleagues, art critics, dealers and collectors. After his death, memorial exhibitions were mounted in Brussels, Paris, The Hague and Antwerp. In the early 20th century, there were retrospectives in Paris (1901 and 1905) and Amsterdam (Stedelijk Museum, 1905), and important group exhibitions in Cologne (Sonderbund westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und Künstler, 1912), New York (Armory Show, 1913) and Berlin (1914). These had a noticeable impact on later generations of artists. By the mid-20th century, van Gogh was seen as one of the greatest and most recognizable painters in history. In 2007, a group of Dutch historians compiled the "Canon of the Netherlands" to be taught in schools and included van Gogh as one of the fifty topics of the canon, alongside other national icons such as Rembrandt and De Stijl.
Together with those of Pablo Picasso, Van Gogh's works are among the world's most expensive paintings ever sold, as estimated from auctions and private sales. Those sold for over $100 million (today's equivalent) include Portrait of Dr. Gachet, Portrait of Joseph Roulin and Irises. A Wheatfield with Cypresses was sold in 1993 for $57 million, a spectacularly high price at the time, while his Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear was sold privately in the late 1990s for an estimated $80 to $90 million.




Twentieth century



Around 1905 and 1910, pointillism as practiced by Jan Sluyters, Piet Mondrian and Leo Gestel was flourishing. Between 1911 and 1914, all the latest art movements arrived in the Netherlands one after another including cubism, futurism and expressionism, with notable artists of this era including M. C. Escher. After World War I, De Stijl (the style) was led by Theo van Doesburg and Piet Mondrian and promoted a pure art, consisting only of vertical and horizontal lines, and the use of primary colours. The Design Academy was established in 1947.
Abstract art became famous in the Netherlands after the Second World War because of the memorable works of painters like Karel Appel and groups he was a part of such as COBRA.




Museums


Most museums with collections of older paintings have many Dutch paintings, especially from the early and Golden Age periods, often more than they can display. Outstanding collections include:

Alte Pinakothek in Munich
Gemäldegalerie in Berlin
Frans Hals Museum
Hermitage in Saint Petersburg, Russia
Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna
Louvre in Paris
Mauritshuis in The Hague
Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City
National Gallery in London
National Gallery, Washington D.C.
Rijksmuseum Amsterdam




References






External links

• Source: Dutch Art

Dutch Art (foaled 18 March 2004) is a British Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. He was rated the best British two-year-old of 2006, when he was unbeaten in four races including the Norfolk Stakes, Prix Morny and Middle Park Stakes. In the following year he failed to win but finished second in the July Cup and Prix Maurice de Gheest and third in the 2000 Guineas. Since retiring to stud in 2008 he has had considerable success as a breeding stallion.




Background


Dutch Art is a chestnut horse standing 15.3 hands high with a white blaze and a long white sock on his left hind foot bred in the United Kingdom by Cromlech Bloodstock. His sire Medicean was an outstanding miler whose wins included the Lockinge Stakes, Queen Anne Stakes and Eclipse Stakes. His other offspring have included Nannina, Siyouma (Sun Chariot Stakes, E. P. Taylor Stakes), Al Shemali (Dubai Duty Free Stakes), Capponi (Al Maktoum Challenge, Round 3) and Mr Medici (Champions & Chater Cup). Dutch Art's dam Halland Park Lass showed no ability as a racehorse, finishing last in all three of her races, but became a successful broodmare who also produced the Blandford Stakes winner Up. She was a female-line descendant of the Irish Oaks winner Silken Glider.
As a foal in November 2004 Dutch Art was offered for sale at Tattersalls and was bought for 14,500 guineas by the Curragh Bloodstock Agency. In the following September he returned to the auction ring at Doncaster and was sold for 16,000 guineas to Blandford Bloodstock. He entered the ownership of Matthew Green and was sent into training with Peter Chapple-Hyam (recently returned from a spell in Hong Kong) at his St Gatien stables in Newmarket.




Racing career






= 2006: two-year-old season

=
Dutch Art made his first racecourse appearance in a minor race over five furlongs at Windsor Racecourse on 5 June. ridden by Alan Munro he started the 11/4 second favourite and won by one and three quarter lengths from the filly Simply Perfect. The colt was then acquired by Paul and Susan Roy and was stepped up in class for the Group Three Norfolk Stakes at Royal Ascot on 22 June and started second favourite in an eleven-runner field. He was retrained by Munro in the early stages before taking the lead a furlong out and winning by one and three quarter lengths from the favoured Hoh Mike.
After a two-month break Dutch Art was sent to France for the Prix Morny on very soft ground at Deauville Racecourse in which he was ridden by Christophe Soumillon. His six opponents included Sandwaki (winner of the Prix du Bois), Excellent Art and Boccasini (Prix Robert Papin). He tracked Sandwaki before taking the lead 300 metres from the finish and won by a length and a head from Magic America and Excellent Art. Frankie Dettori took over the ride when the colt started the 6/5 favourite for the Middle Park Stakes at Newmarket Racecourse on 29 September. His five opponents were Brave Tin Soldier (Blenheim Stakes), Conquest (Gimcrack Stakes), Hellvelyn (Coventry Stakes), Wi Dud (Flying Childers Stakes) and Captain Marvelous. After racing alongside Brave Tin Soldier he went to the front two furlongs from the finish and won by two lengths from Wi Dud, with Captain Marvelous a length and a quarter back in third place. After the race Chapple=Hyam compared the horse not unfavourably to his 2000 Guineas winner Rodrigo de Triano before explaining "I only bought him because I was short of two-year-olds last year and thought I should have a few early types this year. He gets better and better."
Dutch Art was rated the best British-trained juvenile of 2006 and spent the winter of 2006/7 Dutch Art as second favourite in the ante-post betting for the 2000 Guineas, behind the unbeaten Irish colt Teofilo.




= 2007: three-year-old season

=
In 2007 Dutch Art was ridden in all but one of his races by Jimmy Fortune. Before the start of the season a major share in the horse had been bought by the Cheveley Park Stud. On his three-year-old debut he started the odds-on favourite for the Greenham Stakes (a major trial race for the 2000 Guineas) over seven furlongs at Newbury Racecourse on 21 April but lost his unbeaten record as he was defeated by the Richard Hannon Sr.-trained Major Cadeaux. In the 2000 Guineas two weeks later he started at odds of 14/1 in a field of twenty-four runners. The field split into two groups across the wide course and although Dutch Art got the better of Duke of Marmalade to finish first in the group racing on the far side (the right-hand side from the jockeys' viewpoint) he was beaten into third behind Cockney Rebel and Vital Equine who raced up the stands side. In the St James's Palace Stakes at Royal Ascot he defeated Cockney Rebel but finished only fourth behind Excellent Art, Duke of Marmalade and Astronomer Royal.
Dutch Art returned to sprint distances for his three remaining races starting with the July Cup in which he was matched against older horses for the first time. After being blocked in his run at half way he finished strongly to take second, half a length behind Sakhee's Secret with Red Clubs and Marchand d'Or in third and fourth. In August he raced for the second time at Deauville and started favourite for the Prix Maurice de Gheest. He took the lead 200 metres from the finish but was overtaken in the closing stages and beaten a length by Marchand d'Or. On his final appearance he made little impact in the Prix de la Forêt at Longchamp Racecourse in October, finishing sixth behind the German-trained outsider Toylsome.




Stud record


At the end of his racing career Dutch Art was retired to become a breeding stallion at the Cheveley Park Stud in Newmarket. His progeny to date have included Slade Power, Mabs Cross, Starman, Garswood (Prix Maurice de Gheest), Caspar Netscher (Nearctic Stakes), Dutch Connection (Jersey Stakes), Baccarat (Wokingham Handicap) and Producer (Topkapi Trophy). By 2016 his stud fee had risen to £40,000.




Pedigree






References

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Lukisan Zaman Keemasan Belanda
• Portland Art Museum
• Aliran Den Haag
• Street Musicians at the Door
• Louis Meijer
• Emanuel de Witte
• Johannes Warnardus Bilders
• Cornelis Kruseman
• Gerardina Jacoba van de Sande Bakhuyzen
• Hindia Belanda
• Dutch art
• Dutch Art
• Dutch Golden Age painting
• Fancy Dutch
• Dutch Golden Age
• Dutch colonial empire
• Theo van Gogh (art dealer)
• Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting
• Johannes Vermeer
• The Art of Painting