• Source: Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom

Following its withdrawal from the European Union on 31 January 2020, the United Kingdom began negotiations on several free trade agreements to remove or reduce tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade, both to establish new agreements and to replace previous EU trade agreements. Withdrawal ended 47 years of membership during which all its trading agreements were negotiated by the European Commission on behalf of the bloc. The UK did not actually withdraw from the European Single Market and the European Union Customs Union (and its trade agreements) until 31 December 2020.
These treaties are divided into two types of free trade agreements: continuity agreements and 'new' agreements. Continuity agreements, also named rollover agreements, make use of a mutatis mutandis concept in order to quickly replicate the existing EU agreements, only having to call out those minor areas of differentiation. Most continuity treaties were provisionally applied, or through a "bridging mechanism", thus continuity was achieved. Trade agreements negotiated after Brexit are termed 'new', or enhanced agreements: these agreements have been negotiated from scratch or have been renegotiated to expand the deal since Brexit.
As of May 2023, the United Kingdom has 38 active free trade agreements with nations and trade blocs, covering 100 countries and territories. Five of these are 'new' trade agreements, such as with Australia and New Zealand. The remaining 33 are continuity agreements. Furthermore, the UK has a customs union with its three Crown Dependencies. The UK has further arrangements covering free trade with its 14 British Overseas Territories.
The UK has also reached an agreement to accede to the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership. The UK signed the agreement in July 2023 and is expected to join by 15 December 2024, after securing the final ratification required for membership.
The United Kingdom has only suspended negotiations for a trade deal on one occasion; it suspended negotiations for a post-Brexit Canada Free Trade Agreement on 25 January 2024.




Competence and ratification


According to UK law the United Kingdom Parliament has the power to pass law in all policy areas.
The UK's negotiating team will consult with its Strategic Trade Advisory Group throughout the negotiations.




= Ratification

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The responsibility for concluding treaties involving the UK lies with the Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs. This remains the case even when the negotiation of the treaty is led by another government department.
The Foreign & Commonwealth Office's legal advisers and Treaty Section:

must be given the opportunity to comment on the drafts of all treaties under negotiation
will advise on the form and substance of the treaty, though not substance which is technical and of which the other government department is the expert
will advise on related matters such as the production of Full Powers and Instruments of Ratification
will produce original signature copies of treaties and advise on the treaty signing ceremony
will arrange for the treaty to be published and laid before Parliament
is responsible for the registration of these treaties with the United Nations, allowing their subsequent publication in the United Nations Treaty Series
will transfer of the treaties to the National Archives for preservation
Unless expressly authorised to do so by the United Kingdom government, Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories do not have the authority to contract treaties in their own right. The UK must extend the territorial scope of its ratification of treaties to include them. This may be done either at the time of ratification, or at some later date.




Active agreements


The following bilateral and plurilateral agreements are currently in effect. Signature and entry into force dates are as listed by the World Trade Organization.




= Dependencies

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The following agreements govern the United Kingdom's free trade with British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies.




Negotiations


The United Kingdom is currently negotiating free trade agreements with the following countries and trade blocs:




= Potential enlargement

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The following countries can accede to an existing plurilateral Economic Partnership Agreement with the United Kingdom.




Obsolete agreements


The following free trade agreements were previously active, however they have since been superseded or terminated. Signature, entry into force and obsolete dates are as listed by the World Trade Organization.




= Former trade bloc memberships

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The United Kingdom was previously a member of the following trade blocs, which include multilateral free trade with fellow members.




= Obsolete EU agreements

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The following agreements are European Union free trade agreements, of which the United Kingdom was a party until Brexit; however continuity agreements were not reached to replace them.




Largest trading partners



Historically, WTO imports and exports are based on the rule of origin, while EU imports/exports are based on single market statistics.
The figures above are for 2023




See also


Accession of the United Kingdom to CPTPP
Economic Partnership Agreements
Free trade agreements of Canada
Free trade agreements of India
Free trade agreements of Israel
Free trade agreements of New Zealand
Free trade agreements of the European Union
Free trade agreements of the United States
Free trade agreements of Turkey
Foreign relations of the United Kingdom
List of multilateral free trade agreements
List of bilateral free trade agreements
United Kingdom common framework policies
United Kingdom–Crown Dependencies Customs Union




Notes






References

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Brexit
• Daftar film terlaris
• Mumbai
• Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom
• United Kingdom–United States Free Trade Agreement
• Free trade agreements of the United States
• Canada–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement
• India–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement
• EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement
• Free trade agreements of Canada
• Free trade agreements of the European Union
• Australia–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement
• Australia–United States Free Trade Agreement