• Source: German studies

German studies, also often known as German philology, is the field of humanities that researches, documents and disseminates German language and literature in both its historic and present forms. Academic departments of German studies often include classes on German culture, German history, and German politics in addition to the language and literature component. Common German names for the field are Germanistik, Deutsche Philologie, and Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft und Literaturwissenschaft. In English, the terms Germanistics or Germanics are sometimes used (mostly by Germans), but the subject is more often referred to as German studies, German language and literature, or German philology.
Modern German studies is usually seen as a combination of two sub-disciplines: German linguistics and Germanophone literature studies.




German linguistics


German linguistics is traditionally called philology in Germany, as there is something of a difference between philologists and linguists. It is roughly divided as follows:

Old High German (Althochdeutsch) 8th–11th centuries
Middle High German (Mittelhochdeutsch) 11th–14th centuries
Early New High German (Frühneuhochdeutsch) 14th–17th centuries
Modern German (Standard German, German dialectology) 18th–21st centuries
In addition, the discipline examines German under various aspects: the way it is spoken and written, i.e., spelling; declination; vocabulary; sentence structure; texts; etc. It compares the various manifestations such as social groupings (slang, written texts, etc.) and geographical groupings (dialects, etc.).




German literature studies



The study of German literature is divided into two parts: Ältere Deutsche Literaturwissenschaft deals with the period from the beginnings of German in the early Middle Ages up to post-Medieval times around AD 1750, while the modern era is covered by Neuere Deutsche Literaturwissenschaft. The field systematically examines German literature in terms of genre, form, content, and motifs as well as looking at it historically by author and epoch. Important areas include edition philology, history of literature, and textual interpretation. The relationships of German literature to the literatures of other languages (e.g. reception and mutual influences) and historical contexts are also important areas of concentration. The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory: Fourth Edition (ISBN 0-14-051363-9) is printed in English but contains many German-language literary terms that apply cross-culturally in the field of literary criticism; quite a few of the in terms in the book originated in German but have since been adopted by English-language critics and scholars.




German teacher education


At least in Germany and Austria, German studies in academia play a central role in the education of German school teachers. Their courses usually cover four fields:

Linguistics of German (Sprachwissenschaft)
German language and literature of up to about 1750 (Ältere Sprache und Literatur)
German language and literature since approximately 1750 (Neuere Literaturwissenschaft)
Specifics of the didactics of teaching German (Fachdidaktik)
Several universities offer specialized curricula for school teachers, usually called "Deutsch (Lehramt)". In Germany, they are leading to a two step exam and certificate by the federated states of Germany cultural authorities, called the Staatsexamen ("state exam").




History


As an unsystematic field of interest for individual scholars, German studies can be traced back to Tacitus' Germania. The publication and study of legal and historical source material, such as Medieval Bible translations, were all undertaken during the German Renaissance of the sixteenth century, truly initiating the field of German studies. As an independent university subject, German studies was introduced at the beginning of the nineteenth century by Georg Friedrich Benecke, the Brothers Grimm, and Karl Lachmann.
The Nazi period, and immediate predecessor periods before and after World War I, left large parts of the field, which had drifted off more and more into race-biological thinking, greatly compromised and damaged, as major proponents on both the literature (e.g. Prof. Josef Nadler in Vienna) and the linguistics side (e.g. Prof. Eberhard Kranzmayer in Graz) were actively working for the Nazi Party (Kranzmayer, Höfler) and their racist goals (Nadler) While great efforts have been made in the denazification of the field, some biases are suggested by overseas Germanist to have remained. After all, post-war academia, with "Nazi party membership among university professors greatly exceed[ing] that of the population at large," was not a complete restart, least of all, in German philology, where 90% of university teachers were NSDAP members.




University departments and research institutions


Austria
Institute for German Studies (Institut für Germanistik), University of Vienna
Bénin
Département d'Etudes Germanique (DEG), Université d'Abomey-Calavi
Botswana
Department of Education and Language Skills, Botho University
Canada
Department of German Language and Literature, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario
Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures, University of Toronto
China
Department of German, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Haidian District, Beijing
Institute of German and European Studies, Tongji University, Yangpu District, Shanghai
Czech Republic
Department of German and Austrian Studies, Charles University in Prague
Department of German Studies, Palacký University in Olomouc
India
Jawaharlal Nehru University India
Ireland
Department of Germanic Studies, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Ireland
Department of German, National University of Ireland – University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
Israel
Bucerius Institute for Research of Contemporary German History and Society – University of Haifa
Haifa Center for German and European Studies – University of Haifa
Germany
"German studies" is taught at many German universities. Some examples are:

Germanistisches Seminar der Universität Bonn, Institut für Germanistik, vergleichende Literatur- und Kulturwissenschaft, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn
Institut für deutsche Sprache und Literatur I & II, Albertus-Magnus-Universität zu Köln
Institut für Germanistik I & II, Hamburg University
Germanistisches Seminar, Heidelberg University Faculty of Modern Languages
Institut für deutsche Philologie, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
Germanistisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
Deutsches Seminar, Tübingen University Faculty of Modern Languages
Greece
Faculty of German Language and Literature, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
School of German Language and Literature, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Russia
Department of Area Studies, Moscow State University
South Africa
School of Languages and Literatures, University of Cape Town
Department of Afrikaans and Dutch, German and French, University of the Free State
School of Languages, North-West University
Ancient Modern Languages Cultures, University of Pretoria
School of Languages and Literatures, Rhodes University
Department of Modern Foreign Languages, University of Stellenbosch
Department of Foreign Languages, University of the Western Cape
Department of Literature, Language and Media, University of the Witwatersrand
Spain
Área de Filología Alemana, University of Salamanca
Uganda
Department of European and Oriental Languages, German Studies, Makerere University
United Kingdom (UK)
Department of German, University of Oxford
Department of German, University of Cambridge
Department of German, University of Manchester
Department of German Studies, University of Warwick
United States of America (USA)
Department of German Studies, University of Arizona, Tucson
German Program of the Department of World Languages & Literatures, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
Department of German Studies, Brown University
Department of German, University of California, Berkeley
Department of Germanic Languages, University of California, Los Angeles
Department of German Studies, University of Cincinnati
Department of Germanic and Slavic Languages and Literatures, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
Department of Germanic Languages, Columbia University
Department of German Studies, Cornell University
Department of German Studies, Dartmouth College
Department of German, Duke University
Department of German, Georgetown University
Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures, Harvard University
Department of Germanic Studies, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Department of Germanic Studies, Indiana University
German and Scandinavian Studies, University of Massachusetts Amherst
Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
Department of German, Scandinavian, and Dutch, University of Minnesota
Department of German, New York University
Department of Germanic and Slavic Languages and Literatures, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Department of German, Northwestern University
Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures, University of Pennsylvania
Department of Germanic and Slavic Languages, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania
Department of Germanic Languages and Literature, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Department of German, Princeton University
Department of Germanic Studies, University of Texas at Austin
Department of Classical & Modern Languages, Truman State University, Kirksville, Missouri
Department of Germanic and Slavic Languages, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
Department of Germanic and Russian, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures, University of Virginia
Department of Germanics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
Department of German, Nordic, and Slavic, University of Wisconsin – Madison
Department of German, Yale University
Department of Linguistics & Germanic, Slavic, Asian and African Languages, Michigan State University
Zimbabwe
Department of Languages, Literature and Culture University of Zimbabwe




See also


Area studies
German National Honor Society (Delta Epsilon Phi) in the US
German Studies Association
Germanic philology
Germanisches Nationalmuseum
New Objectivity
Sturm und Drang




Bibliography






= Books

=
Atlas Deutsche Sprache [CD-ROM]. Berlin: Directmedia Publishing. 2004.
Die Deutschen Klassiker (CD-ROM).
Berman, Antoine: L'épreuve de l'étranger. Culture et traduction dans l'Allemagne romantique: Herder, Goethe, Schlegel, Novalis, Humboldt, Schleiermacher, Hölderlin. Paris: Gallimard, 1984. ISBN 978-2-07-070076-9.
Beutin, Wolfgang. Deutsche Literaturgeschichte. Von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart. Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler, 1992.
Bogdal, Klaus-Michael, Kai Kauffmann, & Georg Mein. BA-Studium Germanistik. Ein Lehrbuch. In collaboration with Meinolf Schumacher and Johannes Volmert. Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 2008. ISBN 978-3-499-55682-1
Burger, Harald. Sprache der Massenmedien. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1984.
Ernst, Peter. Germanistische Sprachwissenschaft. Vienna: WUV, 2004.
Fohrmann, Jürgen & Wilhelm Voßkamp, eds. Wissenschaftsgeschichte der Germanistik im 19. Jahrhundert. Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler, 1994.
Hartweg, Frédéric G. Frühneuhochdeutsch. Eine Einführung in die deutsche Sprache des Spätmittelalters und der frühen Neuzeit. Tübingen: Niemeyer, 2005.
Hermand, Jost. Geschichte der Germanistik. Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1994. ISBN 978-3-499-55534-3
Hickethier, Knut. Film- und Fernsehanalyse. Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler, 1993.
Hickethier, Knut, ed. Aspekte der Fernsehanalyse. Methoden und Modelle. Hamburg: Lit, 1994.
Hohendahl, Peter Uwe. German Studies in the United States: A Historical Handbook. New York: Modern Language Association of America, 2003.
Kanzog, Klaus. Einführung in die Filmphilologie. Munich: Schaudig, Bauer, Ledig, 1991.
Muckenhaupt, Manfred: Text und Bild. Grundfragen der Beschreibung von Text-Bild-Kommunikation aus sprachwissenschaftlicher Sicht. Tübingen: Gunter Narr, 1986.
Prokop, Dieter: Medienprodukte. Zugänge – Verfahren – Kritik. Tübingen: Gunter Narr, 1981.
Schneider, Jost, ed. Methodengeschichte der Germanistik. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2009.
Schumacher, Meinolf. Einführung in die deutsche Literatur des Mittelalters. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2010. ISBN 978-3-534-19603-6
Shitanda, So. "Zur Vorgeschichte und Entstehung der deutschen Philologie im 19. Jh.: Karl Lachmann und die Brüder Grimm", in Literarische Problematisierung der Moderne. Medienprodukte : Zugänge-- Verfahren-- Kritik, ed. by Teruaki Takahashi. Munich: Iudicium, 1992.
Van Cleve, John W. and A. Leslie Willson. Remarks on the Needed Reform of German Studies in the United States. Columbia, SC: Camden House, 1993.




= Journals

=
Acta Germanica
Arbitrium
German Life and Letters
German Studies Review
The Germanic Review
Germanistik
Germanistik in Ireland
The German Quarterly
Goethe Yearbook
Journal of Austrian Studies
The Journal of English and Germanic Philology
Journal of Germanic Linguistics
Lessing Yearbook
Modern Language Notes (German Issue)
Monatshefte
Michigan Germanic Studies
New German Critique
Oxford German Studies
Publications of the English Goethe Society
Seminar
Teaching German (Unterrichtspraxis)
Text+Kritik
Transit
Zeitschrift für interkulturelle Germanistik
Zeitschrift für Germanistik




References






External links


BUBL Link (UK-based) Catalogue of Internet Resources Concerning the German Language (well organized; covers many aspects of the language and the study of it)
University of Adelaide's categorized guide to German Area Studies online
http://www.dartmouth.edu/~wess/wesslit.html Archived 18 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine (Dartmouth's German-Studies Web links, annotated and arranged by topic)
https://web.archive.org/web/20051104142631/http://libadm87.rice.edu/ref/german.cfm (Rice University's guide to German studies, including printed literature and links to German newspapers and magazines)
http://www.germanistik.net/ Archived 15 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine germanistik.net (tries to get the user straight to the best sources of help; in German)
Germanistik im Netz – Erlanger Liste (The 'Erlanger Liste' is currently the largest collection of links to the various aspects of G***, including such archives, publishers, etc.; in German)
Literaturwissenschaft online ("Literaturwissenschaft online" Kiel University's e-learning site with live and archived lectures; free of charge; in German.)
Bibliographie der Deutschen Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft ("BDSL Online" is the electronic version of the largest bibliography in the field of German language and literature studies. Access to report years 1985–1995 is free of charge.)
https://web.archive.org/web/20060418211215/http://www.doaj.org/ljbs?cpid=8 (DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals, Literature and Languages)
https://web.archive.org/web/20060411030830/http://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/Medienprojekt/Literatur/9.med.analy.html (University of Hamburg site with media studies bibliography)
Categorical list of German Departments around the world Archived 26 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine
Departmental Ratings (USA)
Directory of some German resources in libraries and research centers throughout California
American Library Association German Studies Web
Library guides
University of Leeds German, Russian and Slavonic Studies
University of Wisconsin-Madison German-language Humanities

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• German Institute for Global and Area Studies
• Perang Dunia I
• Ekspedisi Niedermayer–Hentig
• Austria — korban pertama Nazi
• Gerhard Weinberg
• Persekongkolan India-Jerman
• Binnen-I
• Margarethe von Trotta
• Grafschaft Württemberg
• Radikalisasi kumulatif
• German studies
• German Studies Association
• German Studies Review
• American studies in Germany
• Women in German Studies
• German reunification
• Oxford German Studies
• East Germany
• List of German abbreviations
• Afro-Germans