- Source: GNAT
- Source: Gnat
GNAT is a free-software compiler for the Ada programming language which forms part of the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC). It supports all versions of the language, i.e. Ada 2012, Ada 2005, Ada 95 and Ada 83. Originally its name was an acronym that stood for GNU NYU Ada Translator, but that name no longer applies. The front-end and run-time are written in Ada.
History
The GNAT project started in 1992 when the United States Air Force awarded New York University (NYU) a contract to build a free compiler for Ada to help with the Ada 9X standardization process. The 3-million-dollar contract required the use of the GNU GPL for all development, and assigned the copyright to the Free Software Foundation. The first official validation of GNAT occurred in 1995.
In 1994 and 1996, the original authors of GNAT founded two sister companies, Ada Core Technologies in New York City and ACT-Europe (later AdaCore SAS) in Paris, to provide continuing development and commercial support of GNAT. The two companies always operated as one entity, but did not formally unify until 2012 as AdaCore.
GNAT was initially released separately from the main GCC sources. On October 2, 2001, the GNAT sources were contributed to the GCC CVS repository. The last version to be released separately was GNAT 3.15p, based on GCC 2.8.1, on October 2, 2002. Starting with GCC 3.4, on major platforms the official GCC release is able to pass 100% of the ACATS Ada tests included in the GCC testsuite. By GCC 4.0, more exotic platforms were also able to pass 100% of the ACATS tests.
License
The compiler is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL 3+ with GCC Runtime Library Exception.
All versions leading up to and including 3.15p are licensed under the GMGPL offering similar runtime exceptions. The GMGPL license is GNU GPL 2 with a linking exception that permits software with licenses that are incompatible with the GPL to be linked with the output of Ada standard generic libraries that are supplied with GNAT without breaching the license agreement.
Versions
FSF GNAT is part of most major Linux or BSD distributions and is included in the main GCC Sources.
GNAT Pro is a supported version of GNAT from AdaCore.
In addition to FSF GNAT and AdaCore's GNAT Pro, AdaCore releases additional versions (GNAT-GPL, a public older version of GNAT Pro, and GNAT GAP, a version for AdaCore's educational programs). These AdaCore versions have the runtime exceptions removed, this requires software that is linked with the standard libraries to have GPL-compatible licenses to avoid being in breach of the license agreement.
JGNAT was a GNAT version that compiled from the Ada programming language to Java bytecode.
GNAT for dotNET is a GNAT version that compiles from the Ada programming language to Common Language Infrastructure for the .NET Framework and the free and open source implementations Mono and Portable.NET.
See also
APSE – a specification for a programming environment to support software development in Ada
GNAT Programming Studio
GNU Compiler Collection – Free and open-source compiler for various programming languages
Ravenscar profile – a subset of the Ada tasking features designed for safety-critical hard real-time computing
SPARK – a programming language consisting of a highly restricted subset of Ada, annotated with meta-information describing desired component behavior and individual runtime requirements
References
Further reading
Miranda, Javier; Schonberg, Edmond (June 2004). GNAT: The GNU Ada Compiler. Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
Schonberg; Banner, Bernard (1994). "The GNAT project". Proceedings of the conference on TRI-Ada '94. ACM. pp. 48–57. doi:10.1145/197694.197706. ISBN 0897916662. Retrieved 2008-06-07.
External links
History of the GNAT Project
GNAT in the GCC wiki
FSF GNAT installation instructions for major platforms
The GNU Ada Project — more FSF versions of GNAT
Debian Ada Policy — packaging of GNAT and other Ada programs in Debian
Write It in Ada — Run It on the Java Virtual Machine
A gnat () is any of many species of tiny flying insects in the dipterid suborder Nematocera, especially those in the families Mycetophilidae, Anisopodidae and Sciaridae. Most often they fly in large numbers, called clouds. "Gnat" is a loose descriptive category rather than a phylogenetic or other technical term, so there is no scientific consensus on what constitutes a gnat. Some entomologists consider only non-biting flies to be gnats. Certain universities and institutes also distinguish eye gnats: the Smithsonian Institution describes them as "non-biting flies, no bigger than a few grains of salt, ... attracted to fluids secreted by your eyes".
Description
As nematoceran flies, adult gnats have antennae with at least six segments that are often long and slender. They are generally slender-bodied with long and narrow wings.
Black fly (Simuliidae) and biting midges (Ceratopogonidae), also belonging to the gnat category, are small, sometimes barely visible, blood-sucking flies commonly known in many areas as biting gnats, sand flies, punkies or "no-see-ums", among other names.
Life cycle
In general, gnats go through the four life stages of egg, larva, pupa and adult, similar to other flies.
The fungus gnats lay their eggs in moist organic debris or soil, which hatch into larvae. The larvae feed on organic matter such as leaf mold, mulch, compost, grass clippings, root hairs and fungi. They eventually become pupae and then adults emerge from the pupae. At a temperature of 75 °F (23.9 °C), the cycle takes approximately 17 days: 3 days as eggs, 10 days as larvae and 4 days as pupae. Warmer temperatures allow more rapid development. Some species of fungus gnats (e.g. those in genus Bradysia) are pests of mushrooms and roots of plants in greenhouses.
Other gnats begin their lives as eggs laid in masses in water, or laid on aquatic plants. The aquatic larvae dwell in ponds, pools, water-filled containers, clogged rain gutters or wet soil, which generally feed on plant matter (living or dead). The larvae develop into pupae and then into adults. Adults live only long enough to reproduce and they may form large mating swarms, often around dusk. The life cycle generally takes 4-5 weeks.
The larvae of most gall gnats (Cecidomyiidae), such as the Hessian fly larva, form galls in flowers, leaves, stems, roots or other plant parts.
Pollination
Some South American pleurothallid orchids are pollinated by tiny gnats and have correspondingly small flowers.
Control
Adult non-biting gnats do not damage plants but are considered a nuisance. Usually, larvae do not cause serious plant damage, but when present in large numbers can stunt the plant growth and damage its roots. To prevent gnats from spreading, measures have to be taken to target immature stages of development of the species. Physical tactics include eliminating favorable living conditions: reduction of excess moisture, drainage of pools with standing water, and removal of decaying organic matter. Commercially available control agents and insecticides can be used as a control measure, but are not recommended for use in a household. To control adult gnats in smaller areas, pressurized aerosol sprays with pyrethrins can be used. Other control measures in the household can include turning off unnecessary lights at dusk and sealing vents and other openings.
See also
Black fly
Enicocephalidae (gnat bugs)
Cecidomyiidae (gall gnats)
Sciaridae (dark-winged fungus gnats)
Ceratopogonidae
Midge
Mosquito
Sandfly
References
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
- Agas
- Folland Gnat
- HAL Ajeet
- ADEN cannon
- Starling (primer nuklir)
- Kamboja jepang
- Lalat
- Nezabyvaemyy god 1919
- General Atomics Aeronautical Systems
- Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
- GNAT
- Gnat
- Folland Gnat
- Fungus gnat
- Gnats (disambiguation)
- General Atomics Gnat
- Gnat (disambiguation)
- GNAT Modified General Public License
- Gnat (surname)
- Grand National Assembly of Turkey
No More Posts Available.
No more pages to load.
