- Source: Hindustani declension
Hindi-Urdu, also known as Hindustani, has three noun cases (nominative, oblique, and vocative) and five pronoun cases (nominative, accusative, dative, genitive, and oblique). The oblique case in pronouns has three subdivisions: Regular, Ergative, and Genitive. There are eight case-marking postpositions in Hindi and out of those eight the ones which end in the vowel -ā (the semblative and the genitive postpositions) also decline according to number, gender, and case.
Nouns
All the case declension paradigms for nouns are shown below.
Some masculine words ending in -ā (like pitā and kartā) retain 'ā' throughout their declension, only adding endings -õ and -o in oblique plural and vocative plural respectively.
Pronouns
The declension of all the pronouns of Hindi-Urdu are mentioned in the table below:
= Personal Pronouns
== Demonstrative, Relative, Interrogative Pronouns
=1 Rarely used in Urdu.
= Possessive Pronouns
=Note: The formal 2nd person pronoun आप آپ (āp) does not have possessive pronoun forms, instead the genitive postposition का کا (kā) is used with the oblique case to form the possessive pronoun.
Postpositions
The case-marking postpositions of Hindi-Urdu are mentioned in the table below on the left, and the declensions of the genitive and semblative postpositions are on the right:
Verbs
In the table below, ø represents the verbal root and suffixes are added to the verb roots to construct different participles and other verbal forms.
See also
Hindustani grammar
Hindustani phonology
Hindustani etymology
Hindustani orthography
References
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
- Hindustani declension
- Hindustani numerals
- Hindustani language
- Hindustani grammar
- Caribbean Hindustani
- Fiji Hindi
- Hindi
- Hindustani phonology
- Phonological history of Hindustani
- Hindustani kinship terms
