- Source: Kale
- Source: KALE
Kale (), also called leaf cabbage, belongs to a group of cabbage (Brassica oleracea) cultivars primarily grown for their edible leaves. It has also been used as an ornamental plant.
Description
Kale plants have green or purple leaves, and the central leaves do not form a head (as with headed cabbage).
Etymology
The name kale originates from Northern Middle English cale (compare Scots kail and German Kohl) for various cabbages. The ultimate origin is Latin caulis 'cabbage'.
Cultivation
Derived from wild mustard, kale is considered to be closer to wild cabbage than most domesticated forms of B. oleracea.
Kale is usually a biennial plant grown from seed with a wide range of germination temperatures. It is hardy and thrives in wintertime, and can survive in temperatures as low as −15 °C (5 °F). Kale can become sweeter after a heavy frost.
= History
=Kale originated in the eastern Mediterranean and Anatolia, where it was cultivated for food beginning by 2000 BCE at the latest. Curly-leaved varieties of cabbage already existed along with flat-leaved varieties in Greece in the 4th century BC. These forms, which were referred to by the Romans as Sabellian kale, are considered to be the ancestors of modern kales.
The earliest record of cabbages in western Europe is of hard-heading cabbage in the 13th century. Records in 14th-century England distinguish between hard-heading cabbage and loose-leaf kale.
Russian traders introduced Russian kale into Canada and then into the United States in the 19th century. USDA botanist David Fairchild is credited with introducing kale (and many other crops) to Americans, having brought it back from Croatia, although Fairchild himself disliked cabbages, including kale. At the time, kale was widely grown in Croatia mostly because it was easy to grow and inexpensive, and could desalinate soil.
= Cultivars
=One may differentiate between kale varieties according to the low, intermediate, or high length of the stem, along with the variety of leaf types. The leaf colours range from light green to green, dark green, violet-green, and violet-brown.
Classification by leaf type:
Curly-leaf (Scots kale, blue curled kale)
Bumpy-leaf (black cabbage, better known by its Italian translation 'cavolo nero', and also known as Tuscan Cabbage, Tuscan Kale, lacinato and dinosaur kale)
Sparkly-leaf (shiny and glossy)
Plain-leaf (flat-leaf types like red Russian and white Russian kale)
Leaf and spear, or feathery-type leaf (a cross between curly- and plain-leaf)
Ornamental (less palatable and tougher leaves)
Because kale can grow well into winter, one variety of rape kale is called "hungry gap" after the period in winter in traditional agriculture when little else could be harvested. An extra-tall variety is known as Jersey kale or cow cabbage. Kai-lan or Chinese kale is a cultivar often used in Chinese cuisine. In Portugal, the bumpy-leaved kale is mostly called "couve galega" (Galician kale or Portuguese Cabbage).
Ornamental kale
Many varieties of kale and cabbage are grown mainly for ornamental leaves that are brilliant white, red, pink, lavender, blue, or violet in the interior of the rosette. The different types of ornamental kale are peacock kale, coral prince, kamone coral queen, color up kale, and chidori kale. Ornamental kale is as edible as any other variety, but potentially not as palatable. Kale leaves are increasingly used as an ingredient for vegetable bouquets and wedding bouquets.
Uses
= Nutrition
=Raw kale is composed of 84% water, 9% carbohydrates, 4% protein, and 1% fat (table). In a 100 g (3+1⁄2 oz) serving, raw kale provides 207 kilojoules (49 kilocalories) of food energy and a large amount of vitamin K at 3.7 times the Daily Value (DV). It is a rich source (20% or more of the DV) of vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin B6, folate, and manganese (see table "Kale, raw"). Kale is a good source (10–19% DV) of thiamin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, vitamin E, and several dietary minerals, including iron, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and phosphorus. Boiling raw kale diminishes most of these nutrients, while values for vitamins A, C, and K and manganese remain substantial.
= Phytochemicals
=Kale is a source of the carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin. As with broccoli and other cruciferous vegetables, kale contains glucosinolate compounds, such as glucoraphanin, which contributes to the formation of sulforaphane, a compound under preliminary research for its potential to affect human health beneficially.
Boiling kale decreases the level of glucosinate compounds, whereas steaming, microwaving, or stir frying does not cause significant loss. Kale is high in oxalic acid, the levels of which can be reduced by cooking.
Kale contains high levels of polyphenols, such as ferulic acid, with levels varying due to environmental and genetic factors.
= Culinary
=Snack product
Kale chips have been produced as a potato chip substitute.
Regional uses
= Europe =
In the Netherlands, a traditional winter dish called "boerenkoolstamppot" is a mix of curly kale and mashed potatoes, sometimes with fried bacon, and served with rookworst ("smoked sausage").
In Northern Germany, there is a winter tradition known as "Kohlfahrt" ("kale trip"), where a group of people will go on a hike through the woods during the day before gathering at an inn or private residence where kale is served, usually with bacon and Kohlwurst ("kale sausage"). Kale is considered a Northern German staple and comfort food.
In Italy, cavolo nero kale is an ingredient of the Tuscan soup ribollita.
A traditional Portuguese soup, caldo verde, combines pureed potatoes, very finely sliced kale, olive oil and salt. Additional ingredients can include broth and sliced, cooked spicy sausage.
In Scotland, kale provided such a base for a traditional diet that the word in some Scots dialects is synonymous with food. To be "off one's kail" is to feel too ill to eat.
In Ireland, kale is mixed with mashed potatoes to make the traditional dish colcannon. It is popular on Halloween, when it may be served with sausages.
In the United Kingdom, the cultivation of kale (and other vegetables) was encouraged during World War II via the Dig for Victory campaign. The vegetable was easy to grow and provided important nutrients missing from a diet because of rationing.
= Asia =
In Sri Lanka, it is known as kola gova or ela gova. It is cultivated for edible use. A dish called 'kale mallung' is served almost everywhere on the island, along with rice.
= United States =
For most of the 20th century, kale was primarily used in the U.S. for decorative purposes; it became more popular as an edible vegetable in the 1990s due to its nutritional value.
In culture
The Kailyard school of Scottish writers, which included J. M. Barrie (creator of Peter Pan), consisted of authors who wrote about traditional rural Scottish life (kailyard = 'kale field'). In Cuthbertson's book Autumn in Kyle and the charm of Cunninghame, he states that Kilmaurs in East Ayrshire was famous for its kale, which was an important foodstuff. A story is told in which a neighbouring village offered to pay a generous price for some kale seeds, an offer too good to turn down. The locals agreed, but a gentle roasting on a shovel over a coal fire ensured the seeds never germinated.
Gallery
See also
Bowen's Kale
Crambe maritima – sea kale
Leaf vegetable
Kalettes
Cabbage
References
External links
Marrow-Stem Kale – Plants for a Future database
PROTAbase on Brassica oleracea (leaf cabbage)
KALE (960 AM, "106.1 The Bridge") is a radio station licensed to Richland, Washington, United States, the station serves the Tri-Cities, Washington area. The station is owned by Stephens Media Group.
History
KALE began broadcasting in 1950 on AM 900 kHz and was owned by Yakima Broadcasting Corp. KALE had a Top-40 radio format until the early 1980s when it switched to a more adult contemporary format. The station reached its zenith as an AM station during the early to mid-1970s. The station was consistently at or near the top of the age 18-to-49 ratings block (as well as among teens) and frequently led the market in sales billings. The news department won numerous regional and statewide Society of Professional Journalists awards. KALE's ratings dominance waned as listeners began migrating from AM to FM during the latter 1970s and early 1980s.
In the 1970s the station was owned by Sterling Recreation Organization and later was owned by Revitalization Partners, before New Northwest Broadcasters purchased the station. In December 2010, Townsquare Media announced it was acquiring 12 stations owned by New Northwest Broadcasters. Since they were already owners of 11 stations in the Yakima and Tri-city areas they planned to spin off 11 stations once the sale closed. Townsquare was planning to move some formats to new frequencies and some call signs were expected to change as well but in July, 2011, the FCC stopped Townsquare Media's plan to buy 12 Tri-City and Yakima radio outlets from New Northwest Broadcasters. According to the July 30, 2011, Tri-City Herald, "An eight-page letter from the FCC to Townsquare released on the agency's website Friday said that proposed use of a divestiture trust was a substantial departure from the kinds of uses previously approved by the commission and dismissed five sets of applications that would have reassigned the radio station licenses."
On November 6, 2011, the Tri-city Herald reported that a Fargo, N.D., radio owner was paying more than $6 million to purchase 12 stations in the Tri-Cities and Yakima currently owned by New Northwest Broadcasters. Ingstad Radio Washington agreed to purchase — at a discount — more than $16 million in debt owed by Seattle-based New Northwest Broadcasters from a creditor, CIT Group. The Tri-Cities stations included in the sale are: KUJ-FM, a Top-40 hits station; KIOK-FM, a country station; KEGX-FM, a classic rock station; KTCR, talk radio; KKSR-FM, a variety hits station; and KALE, a FOX Sports affiliate. The Yakima stations are: KXDD-FM, a country station; KRSE-FM, a variety hits station; KJOX, an ESPN affiliate; KARY-FM, an oldies station; KBBO, a news radio station and KHHK-FM, a contemporary hit music station. The discounted price for Ingstad is about $6.7 million for all 12 stations.
According to the Tri-City Herald on May 15, 2012, the station switched to a "Country Legends" classic country format with the sports programming being moved to sister station AM 1340.
KALE's broadcast studios were initially at the transmitter site at Road 68 in Pasco, Washington. The studios then moved to 218 W. Kennewick Ave., Kennewick, Washington. In 1978 the studios moved again to 310 W. Kennewick Ave. when KALE's FM station, KIOK, FM 94.9, was licensed and began broadcasting. The site at 310 W. Kennewick Ave. was the former site of the historic Benton Theatre which, at the time of the move, was also owned by Sterling Recreation Organization. After broadcasting from North Columbia Center Blvd. in Kennewick for several years, KALE moved to its current home at 4304 S. 24th Ave in Kennewick in 2012.
On February 24, 2016, KALE changed its format to adult contemporary, branded as "106.1 More FM" (also simulcast on FM translator K291BS 106.1 FM Richland, Washington).
On September 19, 2016, KALE changed its format from adult contemporary to classic hits, branded as "Classic Hits 106.1", swapping formats with KKSR 95.7 Walla Walla.
On December 26, 2017, after stunting with Christmas music through the holiday season, KALE rebranded as "Big 106.1".
On July 26, 2018, KALE flipped back to adult contemporary, branded again as "106.1 More FM" (with the format moving back from KKSR 95.7 FM Walla Walla, which switched to contemporary Christian). However, More FM's second tenure would be short-lived, as on October 31 of that year, KALE would begin stunting
with Christmas music again as "Santa 106.1". While the station was expected to debut a new format after the holidays, the Brooke & Jubal morning show remained on the station. On December 26, 2018, KALE returned to its current adult contemporary format and "106.1 More FM" branding.
On June 17, 2022, KALE changed its format from adult contemporary to contemporary Christian, branded as "106.1 The Bridge".
Previous logos
References
External links
FCC History Cards for KALE
Facility details for Facility ID 63359 (KALE) in the FCC Licensing and Management System
KALE in Nielsen Audio's AM station database
Facility details for Facility ID 139173 (K291BS) in the FCC Licensing and Management System
K291BS at FCCdata.org
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