• Source: Kenyah languages

The Kenyah languages are a group of half a dozen or so closely related languages spoken by the Kenyah peoples of Borneo. They are:

Kenyah proper (a dialect cluster, incl. Madang), Sebob, Tutoh (Long Wat), Wahau Kenyah, Uma’ Lung / Uma’ Lasan.
Ethnologue says that the Punan–Nibong languages are related to Uma’ Lasan, Glottolog that they are outside the Kenyah languages.




Classification


Soriente (2008) proposes a Kayan-Kenyah grouping.

Proto–Kayan-Kenyah
Kenyah
Upper Pujungan
Usun Apau
Penan
West Penan
East Penan
Kayanic
Lebuʼ Kulit
Mboh
Ngorek
Kayan
However, Smith (2015) rejects Soriente's grouping, and argues that Kenyah and Kayan are separate groups. Smith (2015) proposes the following classification.

Proto-Kenyah
Highland
Highland A dialects: Lepoʼ Gah, Lepoʼ Sawa, Lepoʼ Laang, Lepoʼ Baha, Lepoʼ Maʼut, Lepoʼ Ké, Bakung, Lepoʼ Ndang
Highland B dialects: Lepoʼ Tau, Badeng, Umaʼ Lasan, Umaʼ Alim, Òma Lóngh
Lowland
Western Lowland dialects: Lebo' Vo'
Eastern Lowland dialects: Lebuʼ Kulit, Lebuq Timai, Umaʼ Pawa, Umaʼ Ujok, Umaʼ Kelap/Kelep
Penan-Sebop
Penan
Sebop
This classification of Kenyah languages was updated in a second publication, "Penan, Sebop, and Kenyah internal classification". There, it was shown that Penan and Sebop subgroup specifically with the Western-Lowland branch of Lowland Kenyah. This subgrouping was repeated in the dissertation, "The languages of Borneo: a comprehensive classification".

Proto-Kenyah
Highland
Highland A dialects: Lepoʼ Gah, Lepoʼ Sawa, Lepoʼ Laang, Lepoʼ Baha, Lepoʼ Maʼut, Lepoʼ Ké, Bakung, Lepoʼ Ndang
Highland B dialects: Lepoʼ Tau, Badeng, Umaʼ Lasan, Umaʼ Alim, Òma Lóngh
Lowland
Western Lowland dialects: Lebo' Vo', Eastern Penan, Western Penan, Sebop
Eastern Lowland dialects: Lebuʼ Kulit, Lebuq Timai, Umaʼ Pawa, Umaʼ Ujok, Umaʼ Kelap/Kelep




Supposed Austroasiatic influence


Kaufman (2018) notes that many Proto-Kenyah words (Smith 2017) are of likely Austroasiatic origin, including the following (Note: The Austroasiatic branch reconstructions are from Paul Sidwell's reconstructions).

*saləŋ ‘black’ (cf. Proto-Palaungic *laŋ; Proto-Bahnaric *sla(ː)ŋ ‘clear, transparent’)
*makaŋ ‘brave’
*dəŋ ‘deaf’ (cf. Proto-Katuic *tuŋ; Mon daŋ)
*pətat ‘divorce’ (cf. Mon tɛt)
*naʔ ‘give’ (cf. Proto-South-Bahnaric *ʔaːn; Khmu ʔan)
*biləŋ ‘green’
*mə-bʰuh ‘help, assist’
*laʔu ‘hungry’
*adaŋ ‘must’
*iəŋ ‘mosquito’
*kabiŋ ‘left (side)’
*pilaw ‘smooth’ (cf. Proto-Katuic *phiil)
*biʔən ‘time’ (cf. Proto-Palaungic *bən ‘(future) time’)
*nəmbam ‘tomorrow’
*ait ‘sand’
*luaŋ ‘seed’
*su ‘grandchild’ (cf. Proto-Palaungic *cuʔ)
Vo words of likely Austroasiatic origin include:

ɟen ‘bring’
pikəp ‘narrow’
mamoŋ ‘pregnant’
imaʔ ‘rain’ (cf. Proto-Austroasiatic *gmaʔ)
lañaʔ ‘fast/quick’ (cf. Proto-Vietic *m-laɲ; Proto-North-Bahnaric *raɲ)
məɲon ‘sit’ (cf. Proto-Palaungic *-ɟɔn)
ʄap ‘ten’ (cf. Khmer dɑp < Chinese?)
sah ‘seed’ (cf. Proto-Palaungic *ʄak)




References

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Suku Dayak Kenyah
• Bahasa di Indonesia
• Rumpun Dayak
• Rumpun bahasa Melanau-Kajang
• Rumpun bahasa Kalimantan Utara
• Bahasa Indonesia
• Daftar dialek Bahasa Dayak
• Bahasa Sunda
• Bahasa Javindo
• Bahasa Lampung
• Kenyah languages
• Mainstream Kenyah language
• Kenyah people
• Wahau Kenyah language
• Spurious languages
• Penan language
• Apo Kayan people
• Sebop language
• Tutoh language
• Umaʼ Lasan language