- Source: Kipchak languages
The Kipchak languages (also known as the Kypchak, Qypchaq, Qypshaq or the Northwestern Turkic languages) are a sub-branch of the Turkic language family spoken by approximately 30 million people in much of Central Asia and Eastern Europe, spanning from Ukraine to China. Some of the most widely spoken languages in this group are Kazakh, Kyrgyz, and Tatar.
Linguistic features
The Kipchak languages share a number of features that have led linguists to classify them together. Some of these features are shared with other Common Turkic languages; others are unique to the Kipchak family.
= Shared features
=Change of Proto-Turkic *d to /j/ (e.g. *hadaq > ajaq "foot")
Loss of initial *h (preserved only in Khalaj), see above example
= Unique features
=Family-specific
Extensive labial vowel harmony (e.g. olor vs. olar "them")
Frequent fortition (in the form of assibilation) of initial */j/ (e.g. *jetti > ʒetti "seven")
Diphthongs from syllable-final */ɡ/ and */b/ (e.g. *taɡ > taw "mountain", *sub > suw "water")
Language-specific
In both Tatar and Bashkir, the original mid and high vowels are swapped in position by vowel raising and lowering:
Classification
The Kipchak languages may be broken down into four groups based on geography and shared features (languages in bold are still spoken today):
See also
Kipchaks
Kipchaks in Georgia
Cuman people
Cuman language
Cumania
Kalpak
Notes
References
Bibliography
Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Ágnes (1998). The Turkic Languages. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-08200-5.
Menges, Karl H. (1995). The Turkic Languages and Peoples (2nd ed.). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-03533-1.
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
- Rumpun bahasa Kipchak
- Orang Kuman
- Bahasa Kuman
- Bahasa Tatar Krimea
- Bahasa Mongol Pertengahan
- Rumpun suku bangsa Turkik
- Bahasa Kazakh
- Rumpun bahasa Turkik
- Merkit
- Migrasi orang-orang Turkik
- Kipchak languages
- Cuman language
- Kipchak
- Mamluk-Kipchak language
- Kipchaks
- List of Turkic languages
- Fergana Kipchak language
- Languages of Hungary
- Armeno-Kipchak language
- Nogai language
