• Source: Late Jurassic

The Late Jurassic is the third epoch of the Jurassic Period, and it spans the geologic time from 161.5 ± 1.0 to 145.0 ± 0.8 million years ago (Ma), which is preserved in Upper Jurassic strata.
In European lithostratigraphy, the name "Malm" indicates rocks of Late Jurassic age. In the past, Malm was also used to indicate the unit of geological time, but this usage is now discouraged to make a clear distinction between lithostratigraphic and geochronologic/chronostratigraphic units.




Subdivisions


The Late Jurassic is divided into three ages, which correspond with the three (faunal) stages of Upper Jurassic rock:




Paleogeography



During the Late Jurassic Epoch, Pangaea broke up into two supercontinents, Laurasia to the north, and Gondwana to the south. The result of this break-up was the spawning of the Atlantic Ocean. However, at this time, the Atlantic Ocean was relatively narrow.




Life forms of the epoch


This epoch is well known for many famous types of dinosaurs, such as the sauropods, the theropods, the thyreophorans, and the ornithopods. Other animals, such as some crocodylomorphs and the first birds, appeared in the Jurassic. Listed here are only a few of the many Jurassic animals:

Camarasaurus, a large herbivorous sauropod dinosaur from North America
Apatosaurus, a large herbivorous sauropod dinosaur from North America
Brachiosaurus, a massive herbivorous sauropod dinosaur from North America
Brontosaurus, a large herbivorous sauropod dinosaur from North America
Diplodocus, an exceptionally long herbivorous sauropod dinosaur from North America
Barosaurus, an exceptionally long herbivorous sauropod dinosaur from North America
Europasaurus, a small herbivorous sauropod dinosaur from Europe
Brachytrachelopan, a small herbivorous sauropod dinosaur from South America
Supersaurus, possibly the longest sauropod dinosaur of them all
Maraapunisaurus, possibly among the largest sauropod dinosaurs ever known
Dicraeosaurus, a large herbivorous sauropod dinosaur from Africa
Giraffatitan, another large sauropod from Africa (usually recognized as a species of Brachiosaurus)
Allosaurus, the most common Late Jurassic theropod of North America, also present in Europe
Epanterias, a massive carnivore from North America (possibly just Allosaurus)
Saurophaganax, a giant carnivore from North America and possibly the largest land predator of the Jurassic (possibly a synonym of Allosaurus)
Yangchuanosaurus, a large theropod from Asia
Torvosaurus, a large Jurassic carnivore, from North America and Europe
Ceratosaurus, a medium-sized Jurassic carnivore from North America, Europe, and possibly Africa
Elaphrosaurus, a medium-sized Jurassic carnivore from Africa
Ornitholestes, a small theropod from North America
Compsognathus, a small theropod from Europe
Tuojiangosaurus, a thyreophoran from Asia
Stegosaurus, a thyreophoran from North America and Europe
Kentrosaurus, a thyreophoran from Africa
Gargoyleosaurus, a thyreophoran from North America
Dryosaurus, a North American ornithopod
Camptosaurus, an ornithopod from North America and possibly Europe
Yinlong, an early marginocephalian dinosaur from Asia
Chaoyangsaurus, an early marginocephalian dinosaur from Asia
Juramaia, a basal mammal from Asia
Archaeopteryx, a bird-like maniraptoran from Europe
Rhamphorhynchus a long-tailed pterosaur from Europe
Pterodactylus, a short-tailed pterosaur from Europe
Anurognathus, one of the smallest pterosaurs from Europe
Ophthalmosaurus, a very common sea-going ichthyosaur from Europe and North America
Liopleurodon, a medium-sized sea-going pliosaur from Europe
Dakosaurus, a medium-sized sea-going crocodylomorph from Europe
Perisphinctes, an ammonite




References



Owen, Donald E. (March 1987). "Commentary: Usage of Stratigraphic Terminology in Papers, Illustrations, and Talks". Journal of Sedimentary Petrology. 57 (2): 363–372.
Kazlev, M. Alan (2002-06-28). "Late Jurassic — The Malm Epoch: The Acme of the Dinosaurs". Palæos. Retrieved 2014-10-23.

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