• Source: List of F5, EF5, and IF5 tornadoes

This is a list of tornadoes which have been officially or unofficially labeled as F5, EF5, IF5, T10-T11, the highest possible ratings on the various tornado intensity scales. These scales – the Fujita scale, the Enhanced Fujita scale, the International Fujita scale, and the TORRO tornado intensity scale – attempt to estimate the intensity of a tornado by classifying the damage caused to natural features and man-made structures in the tornado's path.




Background


Each year, more than 2,000 tornadoes are recorded worldwide, with the vast majority occurring in North America and Europe. In order to assess the intensity of these events, meteorologist Ted Fujita devised a method to estimate maximum wind speeds within tornadic storms based on the damage caused; this became known as the Fujita scale. The scale ranks tornadoes from F0 to F5, with F0 being the least intense and F5 being the most intense. F5 tornadoes were estimated to have had maximum winds between 261 mph (420 km/h) and 318 mph (512 km/h).

Following two particularly devastating tornadoes in 1997 and 1999, engineers questioned the reliability of the Fujita scale. Ultimately, a new scale was devised that took into account 28 different damage indicators; this became known as the Enhanced Fujita scale. The Enhanced Fujita scale is used predominantly in North America. Most of Europe, on the other hand, uses the TORRO tornado intensity scale (or T-Scale), which ranks tornado intensity between T0 and T11; F5/EF5 tornadoes are approximately equivalent to T10 to T11 on the T-Scale.
In the United States, between 1950 and January 31, 2007, a total of 50 tornadoes were officially rated F5, and since February 1, 2007, a total of nine tornadoes have been officially rated EF5. Since 1950, Canada has had one tornado officially rated an F5. Outside the United States and Canada, seven tornadoes have been officially rated F5/EF5/IF5: two each in France and Germany, and one each in Italy, Argentina and Australia.
Several other tornadoes have also been documented as possibly attaining this status, though they are not officially rated as such. The work of tornado expert Thomas P. Grazulis revealed the existence of several dozen likely F5 tornadoes between 1880 and 1995. Grazulis also called into question the ratings of several tornadoes currently rated F5 by official sources. Many tornadoes officially rated F4/EF4 or equivalent have been disputed and described as actual F5/EF5/T10+ or equivalent tornadoes, and vice versa; since structures are completely destroyed in both cases, distinguishing between an EF4 tornado and an EF5 tornado is often very difficult. Additionally, because tornado ratings are damage-based, many tornadoes capable of causing F5/EF5/T10+ damage, such as those that move through rural areas, may receive lower ratings because their strongest winds do not strike any suitable damage indicators.




= Research in the 2020s

=

In July 2023, the International Fujita scale (IF-scale) was officially published, creating a new scale which improved on issues from the Fujita and Enhanced Fujita scales.
In March 2024, Anthony W. Lyza, Matthew D. Flournoy, and A. Addison Alford, researchers with the National Severe Storms Laboratory, Storm Prediction Center, CIWRO, and the University of Oklahoma's School of Meteorology, published a paper stating, ">20% of supercell tornadoes may be capable of producing EF4–EF5 damage".
In May 2024, researchers with the University of Western Ontario's Northern Tornado Project and engineering department conducted a case study on the 2018 Alonsa EF4 tornado, the 2020 Scarth EF3 tornado, and the 2023 Didsbury EF4 tornado. In their case study, the researchers assessed extreme damage caused by the tornado which is ineligible for ratings on the Canadian Enhanced Fujita scale or the American Enhanced Fujita scale (EF-scale). In their analysis, it was determined all three tornadoes caused damage well-beyond their assigned EF-scale ratings, with all three tornadoes having EF5-intensity winds. At the end of the analysis, the researchers stated, "the lofting wind speeds given by this model are much higher than the rating based on the ground survey EF-scale assessment. This may be due to the current tendency to bias strong EF5 tornadoes lower than reality, or limitations in conventional EF-scale assessments".




List of events



The tornadoes on this list have been formally rated F5 by an official government source. Unless otherwise noted, the source of the F5 rating is the U.S. National Weather Service (NWS), as shown in the archives of the Storm Prediction Center (SPC) and National Climatic Data Center (NCDC).
Prior to 1950, assessments of F5 tornadoes are based primarily on the work of Thomas P. Grazulis. The NCDC has accepted 38 of his F5 classifications of tornadoes occurring between 1880 and 1950. In addition to the accepted ones, Grazulis rated a further 25 during the same period which were not accepted. Grazulis' work has identified 16 additional F5 tornadoes between 1950 and 1995, with four later being accepted by the NCDC. From 1950 to 1970, tornadoes were assessed retrospectively, primarily using information recorded in government databases, as well as newspaper photographs and eyewitness accounts. Beginning in 1971, tornadoes were rated by the NWS using on-site damage surveys.
As of February 1, 2007, tornadoes in the United States are rated using the Enhanced Fujita scale, which replaced the Fujita scale in order to more accurately correlate tornadic intensity with damage indicators and to augment and refine damage descriptors. No earlier tornadoes will be reclassified on the Enhanced Fujita scale, and no new tornadoes in the United States will be rated on the original Fujita scale. France and Canada also adopted the EF-Scale in subsequent years. Since the creation of the International Fujita scale in 2018, two tornadoes have been rated IF5.




= Official F5/EF5/IF5 tornadoes

=
Worldwide, a total of 67 tornadoes have been officially rated F5/EF5/IF5: 59 in the United States, two each in France and Germany, and one each in Argentina, Australia, Canada, and Italy. Of the 59 tornadoes in the United States, 50 are officially rated F5 on the original Fujita scale (with dates of occurrence between May 11, 1953, and May 3, 1999), and nine are officially rated EF5 on the Enhanced Fujita scale (with dates of occurrence between May 4, 2007, and May 20, 2013).
In total worldwide, 55 of these tornadoes have been rated F5, ten have been rated EF5, and two have been rated IF5.



F5 tornadoes

Worldwide, 55 tornadoes have the rating of F5 on the Fujita scale.



EF5 tornadoes

Worldwide, ten tornadoes have the rating of EF5 on the Enhanced Fujita scale.



IF5 tornadoes

Worldwide, two tornadoes have the rating of IF5 on the International Fujita scale.




= Possible F5/EF5/IF5 tornadoes

=

Because the distinctions between F4/EF4/T9 and F5/EF5/T10 tornadoes are often ambiguous, the official ratings of numerous other tornadoes formally rated below F5/EF5/T10 or equivalent have been disputed, with certain government sources or independent studies contradicting the official record.



Previously rated F5/EF5/IF5 or rated F5/EF5/IF5 by others


This list includes tornadoes previously rated F5 or EF5 by the National Weather Service as well as tornadoes rated F5/EF5 by other branches of the United States government, tornado experts (i.e. Thomas P. Grazulis, Ted Fujita), or meteorological research institutions (i.e. European Severe Storms Laboratory).



Possible F5/EF5/IF5 damage


This list includes tornadoes with possible F5 or EF5 damage indicated by the National Weather Service as well as tornadoes with possible F5/EF5 damage by other branches of the United States government, tornado experts (i.e. Thomas P. Grazulis, Ted Fujita), or meteorological research institutions (i.e. European Severe Storms Laboratory).



Possible F5/EF5/IF5 intensity


This list includes tornadoes believed or confirmed to have been at F5 or EF5 intensity. These indications can come from the United States government, Doppler on Wheels, tornado experts (i.e. Thomas P. Grazulis, Ted Fujita), or meteorological research institutions (i.e. European Severe Storms Laboratory).



Possible F5/EF5/IF5 tornadoes with no official rating


Many other tornadoes have never been formally rated by an official government source but have nonetheless been described as F5/EF5/T10+ or equivalent, often by independent studies. Most of these tornadoes occurred prior to 1950, before tornadoes were rated according to standardized damage assessments, and their unofficial classifications as F5/EF5/T10+ or equivalent have been made in retrospect, largely on the basis of photographic analysis and eyewitness accounts. A few, such as the Tri-State Tornado of 1925, are widely accepted as F5/EF5/T10+ tornadoes, despite not being rated as such in official records.
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by participating in discussions about tornadoes for this list.




See also


Outline of tornadoes
Tornado intensity
Lists of tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
List of F4, EF4, and IF4 tornadoes
List of F4 and EF4 tornadoes (2010–2019)
List of F4, EF4, and IF4 tornadoes (2020–present)
List of tornadoes striking downtown areas of large cities
Tornado myths




Notes






References






Sources


Bluestein, Howard B. (1999). Tornado alley: monster storms of the Great Plains. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 128–129. ISBN 978-0-19-530711-5.
—; Snyder, Jeffrey C.; Houser, Jana B. (2015). "A Multiscale Overview of the El Reno, Oklahoma, Tornadic Supercell of 31 May 2013". Weather and Forecasting. 30 (3): 525–552. Bibcode:2015WtFor..30..525B. doi:10.1175/WAF-D-14-00152.1.
Brooks, Harold E. (April 2004). "On the Relationship of Tornado Path Length and Width to Intensity". Weather and Forecasting. 19 (2): 310–19. Bibcode:2004WtFor..19..310B. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0310:OTROTP>2.0.CO;2.
Chernokulsky, Alexander; Shikhov, Andrey (July 15, 2018). "1984 Ivanovo tornado outbreak: Determination of actual tornado tracks with satellite data". Atmospheric Research. 207: 111–121. Bibcode:2018AtmRe.207..111C. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.02.011. ISSN 0169-8095. S2CID 125778632.
—; Shikhov, Andrey; Bykov, Alexey; Azhigov, I.O. (October 2020). "Satellite-Based Study and Numerical Forecasting of Two Tornado Outbreaks in the Ural Region in June 2017". Atmosphere. 11 (11). 1146. Bibcode:2020Atmos..11.1146C. doi:10.3390/atmos11111146.
Cook, A. R.; Schaefer, J. T. (August 2008). "The Relation of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to Winter Tornado Outbreaks". Monthly Weather Review. 136 (8): 3135. Bibcode:2008MWRv..136.3121C. doi:10.1175/2007MWR2171.1.
Edwards, Roger, ed. (March 19, 2021). "F5 and EF5 Tornadoes of the United States, 1950-present". The Online Tornado FAQ. Norman, Oklahoma: Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 2022-02-03.
—; LaDue, James G.; Ferree, John T.; et al. (May 2013). "Tornado intensity estimation: past, present, and future". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 94 (5). Boston: American Meteorological Society: 642. Bibcode:2013BAMS...94..641E. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00006.1.
—; Elliott, Matthew S.; Marsh, Patrick T.; Speheger, Douglas A. (2022). Errors, Oddities and Artifacts in U.S. Tornado Data, 1995-2021 (PDF). 30th Conference Severe Local Storms, Santa Fe, NM. pp. 1–10. Retrieved 2023-01-11.
Feuerstein, Bernold; Kühne, Thilo (September 2015). A violent tornado in mid-18th century Germany: the Genzmer Report. ECSS 2015 - European Conference on Severe Storms. Vol. 8. Wiener Neustadt, Austria: European Severe Storms Laboratory. doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.3733.8085. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
Frankenfield, H. C. (June 1917). "The Tornadoes and Windstorms of May 25–June 6, 1917" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 45 (6). Washington, D.C.: United States Weather Bureau: 291–298. Bibcode:1917MWRv...45..291F. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1917)45<291:TTAWOM>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 2014-11-07.
Fujita, T. Theodore (February 1971). Proposed Characterization of Tornadoes and Hurricanes by Area and Intensity. Texas Tech University Southwest Collection/Special Collections Library (Technical report). Satellite and Mesometeorology Research Project Research Paper No. 91. hdl:10605/261875.
— (1973). "Tornadoes Around the World". Weatherwise. 26 (2): 56–83. Bibcode:1973Weawi..26b..56F. doi:10.1080/00431672.1973.9931633.
—; Abbey, Jr., Robert F. (1983) [1981]. "Chapter 3: Tornadoes: The Tornado Outbreak of 3–4 April 1974". In Kessler, Edwin (ed.). The Thunderstorm in Human Affairs (2nd ed.). Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 37–66.
—; Stiegler, D. J., eds. (June 1984). "Tornado Outbreak in the Upper Midwest on June 7-8, 1984". Storm Data. 26 (6). Asheville, North Carolina: United States Department of Commerce: 9–17.
—; Stiegler, D. J., eds. (May 1985). "Tornado Outbreak in the United States and Canada on May 31, 1985". Storm Data. 27 (5). Asheville, North Carolina: United States Department of Commerce: 5–16.
— (1991). "Plainfield tornado of August 28, 1990". hdl:10605/262035.
— (1993). "Plainfield tornado of August 28, 1990". In Church, C.; Burgess, D.; Doswell, C.; Davies-Jones, R. (eds.). The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction, and Hazards. Geophysical Monograph Series. Vol. 79. American Geophysical Union. pp. 1–17. Bibcode:1993GMS....79....1F. doi:10.1029/gm079p0001. ISBN 978-0-87590-038-4.
Godfrey, Christopher M.; Peterson, Chris J. (February 1, 2017). "Estimating Enhanced Fujita Scale Levels Based on Forest Damage Severity". Weather and Forecasting. 32 (1): 243–252. Bibcode:2017WtFor..32..243G. doi:10.1175/WAF-D-16-0104.1. ISSN 1520-0434.
Golden, Joseph H.; Purcell, Daniel (1978). "Life Cycle of the Union City, Oklahoma Tornado and Comparison with Waterspouts". Monthly Weather Review. 106 (1): 3–11. Bibcode:1978MWRv..106....3G. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1978)106<0003:LCOTUC>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493.
Gordon, John D.; Boyd, Bobby; Rose, Mark A.; et al. (2000). "The Forgotten F5: The Lawrence County Supercell During the Middle Tennessee Tornado Outbreak of 16 April 1998" (PDF). National Weather Digest. 24 (4). National Weather Association: 3–10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-12-18. The authors sent a detailed letter to the SPC recommending the two tornadoes from 1974, and the 1952 tornado mentioned above, be downgraded to F4. The SPC agreed to all three of these changes. The SPC database now reflects the conclusions of Professor Fujita's map of 1974, and Grazulis 1952 tornado report (1993). ... The authors suggested that the three former F5 tornadoes in Tennessee should be reclassified as F4. These changes have been adopted, making the 16 April 1998 Lawrence County tornado the only documented F5 in the history of Tennessee.
Grazulis, Thomas P. (May 1984). Violent Tornado Climatography, 1880–1982. OSTI (Technical report). NUREG. Washington, D.C.: Nuclear Regulatory Commission. OSTI 7099491. CR-3670.
— (November 1990). Significant Tornadoes 1880–1989. Vol. 2. St. Johnsbury, Vermont: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. ISBN 1-879362-02-3.
— (July 1993). Significant Tornadoes 1680–1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events. St. Johnsbury, Vermont: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. ISBN 1-879362-03-1.
— (2001a). The Tornado: Nature's Ultimate Windstorm. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3258-2.
— (2001b). F5-F6 Tornadoes. St. Johnsbury, Vermont: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films.
— (April 2003). The Tornado: Nature's Ultimate Windstorm. The University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3538-0.
Hickmon, W. C. (April 1921). "Tornadoes of April 15, 1921, in Arkansas and Texas". Monthly Weather Review. 49 (4). Little Rock, Arkansas: United States Weather Bureau: 194–196. Bibcode:1921MWRv...49..194H. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1921)49<194:TOAIAA>2.0.CO;2.
Hovde, M. R. (June 1939). "The Champlin-Anoka, Minnesota Tornado". Monthly Weather Review. 67 (6). Minneapolis, Minnesota: United States Weather Bureau: 176–178. Bibcode:1939MWRv...67..176H. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1939)67<176:tcmt>2.0.co;2.
Jarboe, J. H. (1927). "The Rocksprings, Texas, Tornado, April 12, 1927". Monthly Weather Review. 55 (4). San Antonio, Texas: United States Weather Bureau: 182–183. Bibcode:1927MWRv...55..182J. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1927)55<182:TRTTA>2.0.CO;2.
Johns, Robert H.; Burgess, D. W.; Doswell III, C. A.; et al. (2013). Edwards, Roger (ed.). "The 1925 Tri-State Tornado Damage Path and Associated Storm System" (PDF). e-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology. 8 (2): 1–33. doi:10.55599/ejssm.v8i2.47. S2CID 107678390. Retrieved 2014-04-18.
Jordan, Charles (1987). Jordan, Teofista A. (ed.). April 3, 1974: A Night to Remember (PDF). Moulton, Alabama: Southern Printing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2016-03-03 – via National Weather Service.
Karstens, Christopher D.; Gallus, W. A. Jr.; Sarkar, Parka; Marshall, Timothy (November 7, 2012). Supplemental Damage Indicators Discovered in Recent Strong Tornadoes. 26th Conference on Severe Local Storms. American Meteorological Society.
Ladue, James G.; Marshall, Timothy P.; Ortega, Kiel L.; Stumpf, Gregory J. (November 7, 2012). Performance of residences and shelters in the Oklahoma tornadoes of 24 May 2011. 26th Conference on Severe Local Storms. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2014-08-29.
Lott, Neal; McCown, Sam; Ross, Tom (August 2000) [1999]. 1998-1999 Tornadoes and a Long-Term U.S. Tornado Climatology (PDF) (Technical report). National Climatic Data Center Technical Report. Asheville, North Carolina: National Climatic Data Center. 99-02.
Lyza, Anthony W.; Goudeau, Barrett T.; Knupp, Kevin R. (2022). "Damage Analysis and Close-Range Radar Observations of the 13 April 2019 Greenwood Springs, Mississippi, Tornado during VORTEX-SE Meso18-19". Monthly Weather Review. 150 (7): 1873–1893. Bibcode:2022MWRv..150.1873L. doi:10.1175/MWR-D-21-0281.1.
Marshall, Timothy P.; Jungbluth, Karl A.; Baca, Abigail (August 2008). The Parkersburg, IA Tornado: 25 May 2008 (PDF). 24th Conference on Severe Local Storms. Savannah, GA. Retrieved 2023-07-23.
—; McCarthy, Daniel; LaDue, James (August 2008). Damage survey of the Greensburg, KS tornado (PDF). 24th Conference on Severe Local Storms. Savannah, GA. Retrieved 2023-07-27.
McCarthy, Patrick J.; Carlsen, D.; Slipec, J. (October 29, 2008). Elie, Manitoba, Canada, June 22, 2007: Canada's first F5 totnado (PDF). 24th Conference on Severe Local Storms. Retrieved 2023-07-27.
McCaul, Eugene W.; Knupp, Kevin R.; Darden, Chris; Laws, Kevin (November 7, 2012). Extreme damage incidents in the 27 April 2011 tornado superoutbreak (PDF). 26th Conference on Severe Local Storms.
McDonald, James R. (January 2001). "T. Theodore Fujita: His Contribution to Tornado Knowledge through Damage Documentation and the Fujita Scale". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 82 (1). American Meteorological Society: 63–72. Bibcode:2001BAMS...82...63M. doi:10.1175/1520-0477(2001)000<0063:TTFHCT>2.3.CO;2.
Mehta, Kishor C.; McDonald, James R.; Mirror, Joseph E.; et al. (October 1971). "IV. Windborne Objects and Missile Damage" (PDF). Response of Structural Systems to the Lubbock Storm (PDF) (Technical report). Storm Research Report. Lubbock, Texas: Texas Tech University. 03, The Lubbock Storm. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-03-02. "IV. Windborne Objects and Missile Damage" at the Wayback Machine (archived 2014-05-04)
Mitchell, Charles L. (April 1920). "Tornadoes of March 28, in Northeastern Illinois". Monthly Weather Review. 28 (4). Chicago, Illinois: United States Weather Bureau: 191–196. Bibcode:1920MWRv...48..191M. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1920)48<191b:TOMINI>2.0.CO;2.
O'Toole, John M. (1993). Tornado! 84 Minutes, 94 Lives. Worcester, Massachusetts: DATABooks. ISBN 0-9636277-0-8.
Ortega, Kiel L.; Bluestein, H.; Burgess, D. W.; Garfield, G. S.; LaDue, J. G.; Manross, K. L.; Smith, B. R.; Smith, R.; Smith, T. M.; Snyder, J. C.; Stumpf, G. J. (January 25, 2012). Overview of the 24 May 2011 tornado outbreak. 92nd American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting (January 22–26, 2012).
—; Burgess, D. W.; Garfield, G. S.; et al. (February 5, 2014). Damage Survey and Analysis of the 20 May 2013 Newcastle-Moore, OK, EF-5 Tornado. 94th American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2014-03-12.
"(Handout)" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-03-12.
"(Manuscript)" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-03-12.
Ostuno, E. J. (2008). Written at Grand Rapids, Michigan. Roger Edwards (ed.). "A Case Study in Forensic Meteorology: Investigating the 3 April 1956 Tornadoes in Western Lower Michigan" (PDF). e-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology. 3 (1). Norman, Oklahoma: 1–33. doi:10.55599/ejssm.v3i1.14. S2CID 109690212.
Piner, H. L. (1896). Sherman's Black Friday; May 15th, 1896: A History of the Great Sherman Tornado. Sherman, Texas: Register Printing House.
Seeley, Mark W. (2006). Minnesota Weather Almanac. Minnesota Historical Society press. ISBN 0-87351-554-4.
Snyder, Jeffrey C.; Bluestein, Howard B. (August 1, 2014). "Some Considerations for the Use of High-Resolution Mobile Radar Data in Tornado Intensity Determination". Weather and Forecasting. 29 (4): 799–827. Bibcode:2014WtFor..29..799S. doi:10.1175/WAF-D-14-00026.1. S2CID 122669043.
Stevenson, Sarah A.; Miller, Connell S.; Sills, David M. L.; Kopp, Gregory A.; Rhee, Daniel M.; Lombardo, Franklin T. (July 2023). "Assessment of wind speeds along the damage path of the Alonsa, Manitoba EF4 tornado on 3 August 2018". Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics. 238: 105422. Bibcode:2023JWEIA.23805422S. doi:10.1016/j.jweia.2023.105422. S2CID 258127319.
Wakimoto, R. M.; Murphey, H. V.; Dowell, D. C.; Bluestein, H. B. (2003). "The Kellerville Tornado during VORTEX: Damage Survey and Doppler Radar Analyses". Monthly Weather Review. 131 (10). American Meteorological Society: 2197–2221. Bibcode:2003MWRv..131.2197W. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<2197:TKTDVD>2.0.CO;2.
Wurman, Joshua; Alexander, Curtis R. (January 2005). "The 30 May 1998 Spencer, South Dakota, Storm. Part II: Comparison of Observed Damage and Radar-Derived Winds in the Tornadoes". Monthly Weather Review. 133 (1): 97–119. Bibcode:2005MWRv..133...97W. doi:10.1175/MWR-2856.1.
—; Kosiba, Karen; White, Trevor; et al. (April 6, 2021). "Supercell tornadoes are much stronger and wider than damage-based ratings indicate". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118 (14): e2021535118. Bibcode:2021PNAS..11821535W. doi:10.1073/pnas.2021535118. PMC 8040662. PMID 33753558.
Yuko Murayama; Dimiter Velev; Plamena Zlateva, eds. (2019). Information Technology in Disaster Risk Reduction. Springer. ISBN 978-3-030-32169-7. Retrieved 2022-12-05.
Benny Benyamin Nasution; Rahmat Widia Sembiring; Muhammad Syahruddin; Nursiah Mustari; Abdul Rahman Dalimunthe; Nisfan Bahri; Berta br Ginting; Zulkifli Lubis. "Real-Time Tornado Forecasting Using SLHGN". In Yuko Murayama, Dimiter Velev & Plamena Zlateva (2019), pp. 97–119.




Further reading


Rincon, Paul (July 11, 2003). "UK, Holland top twister league". British Broadcasting Company. Retrieved 2023-07-25.
"Observing tornadoes, dust devils, whirl winds, water spouts and land spouts". Australia Severe Weather. November 11, 2008. Archived from the original on 2022-11-27. Retrieved 2022-10-09.




External links


Climatological Risk of Strong and Violent Tornadoes in the United States (Paper 9.4, Second Conference on Environmental Applications)
Severe Thunderstorm and Tornado Climatology (NSSL)
Fujita Scale
Extreme Weather at the CBC.ca Archives
List of strong tornadoes from 1879 to 2000

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• List of F5, EF5, and IF5 tornadoes
• Enhanced Fujita scale
• 1997 Jarrell tornado
• List of F4, EF4, and IF4 tornadoes
• Tornado records
• Tornado intensity
• 2008 Parkersburg–New Hartford tornado
• List of F4, EF4, and IF4 tornadoes (2020–present)
• Tornadoes of 2024
• List of tropical cyclones spawning tornadoes