• Source: List of inventoried hardwoods in the United States

Silvics of North America (1991), a forest inventory compiled and published by the United States Forest Service, includes many hardwood trees. It superseded Silvics of Forest Trees of the United States (1965), which was the first extensive American tree inventory. A variety of statistics on all of these trees are maintained by the National Plant Data Team of the US Department of Agriculture.
Hardwood from North American trees has a variety of commercial uses, including in furniture, carpentry, tools and musical instruments. Some timber is milled for plywood, wood veneer and construction framing, including structural support beams and studs. Logs can be fashioned into posts and poles. Less sturdy timber is often ground and processed into pulpwood, principally for papermaking. Resins from sap yield wood tar, turpentine or other terpenes. Some resins and other tree products contain dangerous toxins (not generally listed below). Much of the economic value of trees comes from orchards and ornamental uses.




Key


POWO: Plants of the World Online

States west of the Mississippi River: AK Alaska AR Arkansas AZ Arizona CA California CO Colorado HI Hawaii IA Iowa ID Idaho KS Kansas LA Louisiana MN Minnesota MO Missouri MT Montana ND North Dakota NE Nebraska NM New Mexico NV Nevada OK Oklahoma OR Oregon SD South Dakota TX Texas UT Utah WA Washington WY Wyoming
These are often divided up into:

The Western states: AK AZ CA CO HI ID MT NM NV OR UT WA WY
The South Central states: AR LA OK TX
The Midwestern states west of the Mississippi (including MN, which is mostly west or north of the river), also called the western Midwest: IA KS MN MO ND NE SD
States east of the Mississippi: AL Alabama CT Connecticut DE Delaware FL Florida GA Georgia IL Illinois IN Indiana KY Kentucky MA Massachusetts MD Maryland ME Maine MI Michigan MS Mississippi NC North Carolina NH New Hampshire NJ New Jersey NY New York OH Ohio PA Pennsylvania RI Rhode Island TN Tennessee VA Virginia VT Vermont WI Wisconsin WV West Virginia
These are often divided up into:

New England: CT MA ME NH RI VT
The Mid-Atlantic: DE MD NJ NY PA VA WV
The Southeast: AL FL GA KY MS NC SC TN
The Midwestern states east of the Mississippi, also called the eastern Midwest: IL IN MI OH WI




Hardwoods






See also


List of inventoried conifers in Canada
List of inventoried conifers in the United States




Notes






Citations






References


Adee, Ken; Conrad, C. Eugene (1990). "Metrosideros polymorpha". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 466–469. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Beck, Donald E. (1990). "Liriodendron tulipifera". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 406–416. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Belanger, Roger P. (1990). "Quercus falcata". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 640–643. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Bey, Calvin F. (1990). "Ulmus americana". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 801–807. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Blair, Robert M. (1990). "Gleditsia triacanthos". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 358–364. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Brendemuehl, R. H. (1990). "Persea borbonia". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 503–506. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H., eds. (1991). Silvics of North America, Volume 1. Conifers. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). ISBN 978-0160292606.
Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H., eds. (1990). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Burton, J. D. (1990). "Maclura pomifera". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 426–432. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Cooley, John H.; Sambeek, J. W. Van (1990). "Ulmus rubra". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 812–816. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Cooper, D. T. (1990). "Populus deltoides". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 530–536. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Crow, T. R. (1990). "Tilia americana; Ulmus thomasii". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 784–791, 821–825. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Della-Bianca, Lino (1990). "Magnolia fraseri". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 439–444. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Dickson, James G. (1990). "Cercis canadensis". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 266–269. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Edwards, M. B. (1990). "Quercus michauxii; Quercus shumardii". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 693–696, 734–737. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Erdmann, G. G. (1990). "Betula alleghaniensis". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 133–147. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Filer, T. H. Jr. (1990). "Quercus texana". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 704–708. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Francis, John K. (1990). "Carya aquatica". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 186–189. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Gabriel, William J. (1990). "Acer nigrum; Acer saccharinum". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 46–52, 70–77. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Gabriel, William J.; Walters, Russell S. (1990). "Acer pensylvanicum". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 53–59. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Godman, Richard M.; Yawney, Harry W.; Tubbs, Carl H. (1990). "Acer saccharum". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 78–91. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Graney, David L. (1990). "Carya ovata". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 219–225. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Grelen, H. E. (1990). "Betula nigra; Ilex opaca". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 153–157, 379–385. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Gresham, Charles A.; Lipscomb, Donald J. (1990). "Gordonia lasianthus". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 365–369. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Griggs, Margene M. (1990). "Sassafras albidum". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 773–777. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Halls, Lowell K. (1990). "Diospyros virginiana". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 294–298. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Harlow, Richard F. (1990). "Quercus laevis". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 672–676. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Harms, W. R. (1990). "Fraxinus profunda; Quercus virginiana". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 355–357, 751–754. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Harrington, Constance A. (1990). "Alnus rubra". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 116–123. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Huntley, J. C. (1990). "Robinia pseudoacacia". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 755–761. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Hupp, Erica (2024). "The future of ash trees". Washington, DC, US: Office of Communication, Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
Johnson, Paul S. (1990b). "Quercus coccinea; Quercus macrocarpa". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 625–630, 686–692. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Johnson, R. L. (1990a). "Nyssa aquatica; Populus heterophylla". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 474–478, 551–554. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Jones, Earle P. Jr. (1990). "Acer floridanum". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 29–32. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Kennedy, Harvey E. Jr. (1990). "Celtis laevigata; Fraxinus pennsylvanica". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 258–261, 348–354. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Kormanik, Paul P. (1990). "Liquidambar styraciflua". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 400–405. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Kossuth, Susan V.; Scheer, Robert L. (1990). "Nyssa ogeche". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 479–481. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Krajicek, John E.; Williams, Robert D. (1990). "Celtis occidentalis". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 262–265. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Laidly, Paul R. (1990). "Populus grandidentata". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 544–550. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Lamson, Neil I. (1990). "Betula lenta; Morus rubra". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 148–152, 470–473. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Lawson, Edwin R. (1990). "Ulmus serotina". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 817–820. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Maisenhelder, L. C.; Francis, John K. (1990). "Carya myristiciformis". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 215–218. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Marquis, David A. (1990). "Prunus serotina". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 594–604. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
McDonald, Philip M. (1990). "Quercus douglasii; Quercus kelloggii". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 631–639, 661–671. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
McDonald, Philip M.; Tappeiner, John C. II (1990). "Arbutus menziesii". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 124–132. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
McGee, Charles E. (1990). "Nyssa sylvatica". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 482–484. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
McKee, Arthur (1990). "Chrysolepis chrysophylla". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 234–239. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
McLemore, B. F. (1990). "Cornus florida". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 278–283. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
McQuilkin, Robert A. (1990). "Quercus palustris". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 709–714. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
McReynolds, Robert D.; Hebb, E. A. (1990). "Quercus laurifolia". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 677–680. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Metzger, F. T. (1990). "Carpinus caroliniana; Ostrya virginiana". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 179–185, 490–496. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Minore, Don; Zasada, John C. (1990). "Acer macrophyllum". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 33–40. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
National Plant Data Team (2024). "USDA Plants Database". Washington, DC, US: Natural Resources Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture. Retrieved July 7, 2024.
Outcalt, Kenneth W. (1990). "Magnolia grandiflora". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 445–448. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Overton, Ronald P. (1990). "Acer negundo; Oxydendrum arboreum". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 41–45, 497–500. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Owston, Peyton W. (1990). "Fraxinus latifolia". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 339–343. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Perala, D. A. (1990). "Populus tremuloides". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 555–569. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Peterson, J. K. (1990). "Carya illinoinensis". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 205–210. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Pitcher, J. A.; McKnight, J. S. (1990). "Salix nigra". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 768–772. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
POWO (2019). "Plants of the World Online". London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved January 10, 2023. See their terms-of-use license.
Priester, David S. (1990). "Magnolia virginiana". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 449–454. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Rink, George (1990). "Juglans cinerea". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 386–390. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Rogers, Robert (1990). "Quercus alba; Quercus bicolor". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 605–613, 614–617. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Safford, L. O.; Bjorkbom, John C.; Zasada, John C. (1990). "Betula papyrifera". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 158–171. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Sander, Ivan L. (1990). "Quercus muehlenbergii; Quercus rubra; Quercus velutina". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 697–700, 727–733, 744–750. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Schlaegel, Bryce E. (1990). "Quercus phellos". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 715–720. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Schlesinger, Richard C. (1990). "Carya laciniosa; Fraxinus americana". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 211–214, 333–338. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Sluder, Earl R. (1990). "Halesia carolina". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 374–378. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Smalley, Glendon W. (1990). "Carya glabra". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 198–204. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Smith, H. Clay (1990). "Carya cordiformis; Carya tomentosa; Magnolia acuminata". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 190–197, 226–233, 433–438. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Snow, G. A. (1990). "Ulmus alata". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 797–800. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Solomon, J. D. (1990). "Quercus lyrata". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 681–685. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Stein, William I. (1990). "Quercus garryana; Umbellularia californica". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 650–660, 826–834. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Stransky, John J. (1990). "Quercus stellata". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 738–743. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Stransky, John J.; Bierschenk, Sylvia M. (1990). "Ulmus crassifolia". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 808–811. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Thornburgh, Dale A. (1990). "Quercus chrysolepis". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 618–624. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Tubbs, Carl H.; Houston, David R. (1990). "Fagus grandifolia". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 325–332. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Vozzo, J. A. (1990). "Quercus nigra". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 701–703. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Wade, Dale D.; Langdon, O. Gordon (1990). "Sabal palmetto". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 762–767. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Walters, Russell S.; Yawney, Harry W. (1990). "Acer rubrum". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 60–69. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Wells, O. O.; Schmidtling, R. C. (1990). "Platanus occidentalis". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 511–517. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Wendel, G. W. (1990). "Prunus pensylvanica". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 587–593. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Whitesell, Craig D. (1990). "Acacia koa". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 17–28. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Williams, Robert D. (1990). "Aesculus glabra; Aesculus flava; Juglans nigra". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 92–95, 96–100, 391–399. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Wright, Jonathan W.; Rauscher, H. Michael (1990). "Fraxinus nigra". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 344–347. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.
Zasada, John C.; Phipps, Howard M. (1990). "Populus balsamifera". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Silvics of North America, Volume 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 518–529. ISBN 978-0-16-029260-6.

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• List of inventoried hardwoods in the United States
• List of inventoried conifers in the United States
• List of inventoried conifers in Canada
• Lumber
• List of natural gas and oil production accidents in the United States
• Sports broadcasting contracts in the United States
• Congaree National Park
• Hammock (ecology)
• Forests of Australia
• Tropical hardwood hammock