• Source: List of national identity card policies by country

This is a list of identity document policies by country.
A national identity document is an identity card with a photo, usable as an identity card at least inside the country, and which is issued by an official authority.
Driver's licenses and other cards issued by state or regional governments indicating certain permissions are not counted here as national identity cards. So for example, by this criterion, the United States driver's license is excluded, as these are issued by local (state) governments.




Identity card policies by country






= Countries with compulsory identity cards

=
According to a 1996 publication by Privacy International, around 100 countries had enacted laws making identity cards compulsory. In these countries, the card must be shown on demand by authorized personnel under specified circumstances. In some countries alternative proof of identity, such as a driving licence is acceptable. Privacy International said that "virtually no common law country has a card". One noticeable exception is Hong Kong (a common law jurisdiction).
The term "compulsory" may have different meanings and implications in different countries. Possession of a card may only become compulsory at a certain age. There may be a penalty for not carrying a card or similar official identification such as a passport. In some cases a person may be detained until identity is proven. This facilitates police identification of fugitives. In some countries, police need a reason, such as suspicion of a crime or security risk. In other countries, police can ask for official identification without stating a reason. Random checks are rare, except in police states. Normally there is an age limit, such as 18, after which possession is mandatory, even if minors aged 15–17 may need a card in order to prove that they are under 18.
In the European Union, a citizen's national identity card, if it complies with certain technical standards and states citizenship, can in most cases be used to travel (within the EU) in lieu of a passport.




= Countries with non-compulsory identity cards

=
These are countries where official authorities issue identity cards to those who request them, but where it is not illegal to be without an official identity document. For some services, identification is needed, but documents such as passports or identity cards issued by banks or driving licences can be used. In countries where national identity cards are fully voluntary, they are often not so commonly used, because many already have a passport and a driving licence, so a third identity document is often considered superfluous.




= Countries with no identity cards

=
These are countries where official authorities do not issue any identity cards. When identification is needed, e.g. passports, identity cards issued by banks etc., or cards that are not mainly identity cards like driver's licenses can be used. Most countries that are not listed at all in this page have no national ID card.




See also


Identity document
Cédula de identidad
National identity cards in the European Economic Area
Stop and identify statutes
Obligation of identification
National biometric id card
CCTV camera




Notes


As noted above, certain countries do not have national ID cards, but have other official documents that play the same role in practice (e.g. driver's license for the United States). While a country may not make it de jure compulsory to own or carry an identity document, it may be de facto strongly recommended to do so in order to facilitate certain procedures.
In most countries, non-resident foreign citizens have to be able to identify themselves through a passport. For residents with "foreign" characteristics (e.g. skin color, dialect) possession of an acceptable identity card might be useful to reduce the risk of harassment from the police and other authorities.
In many countries, people suspected of crime will be detained until their identity is proven even in countries not requiring an identity card.




References






Sources


Krasniqi, Gëzim (March 2018). "Contested Territories, Liminal Polities, Performative Citizenship: A Comparative Analysis" (PDF). cadmus.eui.eu. Badia Fiesolana: European University Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
Manby, Bronwen (February 2020). "Nationality and Statelessness Among Persons of Western Saharan Origin" (PDF). Journal of Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Law. 34 (1). Haywards Heath, West Sussex: Bloomsbury Publishing: 9–29. ISSN 1746-7632. OCLC 1158311076. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 June 2021.

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