• Source: List of psychoactive plants

This is a list of plant species that, when consumed by humans, are known or suspected to produce psychoactive effects: changes in nervous system function that alter perception, mood, consciousness, cognition or behavior. Many of these plants are used intentionally as psychoactive drugs, for medicinal, religious, and/or recreational purposes. Some have been used ritually as entheogens for millennia.
The plants are listed according to the specific psychoactive chemical substances they contain; many contain multiple known psychoactive compounds.




Cannabinoids



Species of the genus Cannabis, known colloquially as marijuana, including Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica, is a popular psychoactive plant that is often used medically and recreationally. The principal psychoactive substance in Cannabis, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), contains no nitrogen, unlike many (but not all) other psychoactive substances and is not an indole, tryptamine, phenethylamine, anticholinergic (deliriant) or dissociative drug. THC is just one of more than 100 identified cannabinoid compounds in Cannabis, which also include cannabinol (CBN) and cannabidiol (CBD).
Cannabis plants vary widely, with different strains producing dynamic balances of cannabinoids (THC, CBD, etc.) and yielding markedly different effects. Popular strains are often hybrids of C. sativa and C. indica.
The medicinal effects of cannabis are widely studied, and are active topics of research both at universities and private research firms. Many jurisdictions have laws regulating or prohibiting the cultivation, sale and/or use of medical and recreational cannabis.




Tryptamines



Many of the psychedelic plants contain dimethyltryptamine (DMT), or other tryptamines, which are either snorted (Virola, Yopo snuffs), vaporized, or drunk with MAOIs (Ayahuasca). It cannot simply be eaten as it is not orally active without an MAOI and it needs to be extremely concentrated to be vaporized.




= Acanthaceae

=
"Species, Alkaloid content, where given, refers to dried material"

Fittonia albivenis, a common ornamental plant from South America.




= Aceraceae

=
Acer saccharinum (silver maple) was found to contain the indole alkaloid gramine (not active and extremely toxic) 0.05% in the leaves, so it is possible that other members of this plant family contain active compounds.




= Aizoaceae

=
Delosperma acuminatum, DMT, 5-MeO-DMT
Delosperma cooperi, DMT, 5-MeO-DMT
Delosperma ecklonis, DMT
Delosperma esterhuyseniae, DMT
Delosperma hallii, 5-MeO-DMT
Delosperma harazianum, DMT, 5-MeO-DMT
Delosperma harazianum Shibam, DMT
Delosperma hirtum, DMT
Delosperma hallii aff. litorale
Delosperma lydenbergense, DMT, 5-MeO-DMT
Delosperma nubigenum, 5-MeO-DMT
Delosperma pageanum, DMT, 5-MeO-DMT
Delosperma pergamentaceum, Traces of DMT
Delosperma tradescantioides, DMT




= Apocynaceae

=
Prestonia amazonica: DMT
Voacanga africana: Up to 10% Iboga alkaloids




= Asteraceae

=
Pilosella officinarum




= Erythroxylaceae

=
Erythroxylum pungens: DMT




= Fabaceae (Leguminosae)

=








Acacia acuminata, Up to 1.5% alkaloids, mainly consisting of dimethyltryptamine in bark & leaf Also, harman, tryptamine, NMT, other alkaloids in leaf.
Acacia alpina, Active principles in leaf
Acaciella angustissima, β-methyl-phenethylamine, NMT and DMT in leaf (1.1-10.2 ppm)
Vachellia aroma, Tryptamine alkaloids. Significant amount of tryptamine in the seeds.
Acacia auriculiformis, 5-MeO-DMT in stem bark
Acacia baileyana, 0.02% tryptamine and β-carbolines, in the leaf, Tetrahydroharman
Acacia beauverdiana, Psychoactive Ash used in Pituri.
Senegalia berlandieri, DMT, phenethylamine, mescaline, nicotine
Senegalia catechu, DMT and other tryptamines in leaf, bark
Vachellia caven, Psychoactive
Senegalia chundra, DMT and other tryptamines in leaf, bark
Acacia colei, DMT
Acacia complanata, 0.3% alkaloids in leaf and stem, almost all N-methyl-tetrahydroharman, with traces of tetrahydroharman, some of tryptamine
Acacia confusa, DMT & NMT in leaf, stem & bark 0.04% NMT and 0.02% DMT in stem. Also N,N-dimethyltryptamine N-oxide
Vachellia cornigera, Psychoactive, Tryptamines DMT according to C. Rastch.
Acacia cultriformis, Tryptamine, in the leaf, stem and seeds. Phenethylamine in leaf and seeds
Acacia cuthbertsonii, Psychoactive
Acacia decurrens, Psychoactive, but less than 0.02% alkaloids
Acacia delibrata, Psychoactive
Acacia falcata, Psychoactive, but less than 0.02% alkaloids
Vachellia farnesiana, Traces of 5-MeO-DMT in fruit. β-methyl-phenethylamine, flower. Ether extracts about 2–6% of the dried leaf mass. Alkaloids are present in the bark and leaves.
Acacia flavescens, Strongly Psychoactive, Bark
Acacia floribunda, Tryptamine, phenethylamine, in flowers other tryptamines, DMT,tryptamine,NMT 0.3–0.4% phyllodes.
Acacia georginae, Psychoactive, plus deadly toxins
Vachellia horrida, Psychoactive
Acacia implexa, Psychoactive
Mimosa jurema, DMT, NMT
Vachellia karroo, Psychoactive
Senegalia laeta, DMT, in the leaf
Acacia longifolia, 0.2% tryptamine in bark, leaves, some in flowers, phenylethylamine in flowers, 0.2% DMT in plant. Histamine alkaloids.
Acacia sophorae, Tryptamine in leaves, bark
Acacia macradenia, Tryptamine
Acacia maidenii, 0.6% NMT and DMT in about a 2:3 ratio in the stem bark, both present in leaves
Acacia mangium, Psychoactive
Acacia melanoxylon, DMT, in the bark and leaf, but less than 0.02% total alkaloids
Senegalia mellifera, DMT, in the leaf
Vachellia nilotica, DMT, in the leaf
Vachellian ilotica subsp. adstringens, Psychoactive, DMT in the leaf
Acacia neurophylla DMT in bark, Harman in leaf.
Acacia obtusifolia, Tryptamine, DMT, NMT, other tryptamines, 0.4–0.5% in dried bark,0.15–0.2% in leaf, 0.07% in branch tips.
Vachellia oerfota, Less than 0.1% DMT in leaf, NMT
Acacia penninervis, Psychoactive
Acacia phlebophylla, 0.3% DMT in leaf, NMT
Acacia podalyriifolia, Tryptamine in the leaf, 0.5% to 2% DMT in fresh bark, phenethylamine, trace amounts. Although this species is claimed to contain 0.5% to 2% DMT in fresh bark the reference for this is invalid as there is no reference to Acacia Podalyriffolia anywhere in the reference article. Additionally, well known and proven extraction techniques for DMT have failed to produce any DMT or alkaloids from fresh bark or the leaves on multiple sample taken at various seasons. Should DMT actually exist in this species of Acacia then it exists in extremely small amounts and have failed to produce any alkaloids with Acid/Base extraction techniques using HCl/Na(OH)2. On the same note, more academic research is definitely required into the DMT content of this and other Australian Acacia species with proper chemical analysis of sample.
Senegalia polyacantha, DMT in leaf and other tryptamines in leaf, bark
Senegalia polyacantha ssp. campylacantha, Less than 0.2% DMT in leaf, NMT; DMT and other tryptamines in leaf, bark
Senegalia rigidula: Phenethylamine, tryptamine, tyramine, and β-Methylphenethylamine.
Acacia sassa, Psychoactive
Vachellia schaffneri, β-methyl-phenethylamine, Phenethylamine
Senegalia senegal, Less than 0.1% DMT in leaf, NMT, other tryptamines. DMT in plant, DMT in bark.
Vachellia seyal, DMT, in the leaf. Ether extracts about 1–7% of the dried leaf mass.
Vachellia sieberiana, DMT, in the leaf
Acacia simplex, DMT and NMT, in the leaf, stem and trunk bark, 0.81% DMT in bark, MMT
Vachellia tortilis, DMT, NMT, and other tryptamines
Acacia vestita, Tryptamine, in the leaf and stem, but less than 0.02% total alkaloids
Acacia victoriae, tryptamines, 5-MeO-alkyltryptamine
List of acacia species having little or no alkaloids in the material sampled:(0%



≤


{\displaystyle \leq }

C



≤


{\displaystyle \leq }

0.02%, Concentration of alkaloids)
Acacia acinacea
Acacia baileyana
Acacia decurrens
Acacia dealbata
Acacia mearnsii
Acacia drummondii
Acacia elata
Acacia falcata
Acacia leprosa
Acacia linearis
Acacia melanoxylon
Acacia pycnantha
Acacia retinodes
Acacia saligna
Acacia stricta
Acacia verticillata
Acacia vestita
Pseudalbizzia inundata leaves contain DMT.
Anadenanthera colubrina, Bufotenin, Beans, Bufotenin oxide, Beans, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Beans, pods,
Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil – Bufotenin and Dimethyltryptamine have been isolated from the seeds and seed pods, 5-MeO-DMT from the bark of the stems. The seeds were found to contain 12.4% bufotenine, 0.06% 5-MeO-DMT and 0.06% DMT.
Anadenanthera peregrina,
1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6-methoxy-2,9-dimethyl-beta-carboline, Plant, 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6-methoxy-2-methyl-beta-carboline, Plant, 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, Bark, 5-Methoxy-N-methyltryptamine, Bark, Bufotenin, plant, beans, Bufotenin N-oxide, Fruit, beans, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine-oxide, Fruit

Anadenanthera peregrina var. peregrina, Bufotenine is in the seeds.
Desmanthus illinoensis, 0–0.34% DMT in root bark, highly variable. Also NMT, N-hydroxy-N-methyltryptamine, 2-hydroxy-N-methyltryptamine, and gramine (toxic).
Desmanthus leptolobus, 0.14% DMT in root bark, more reliable than D. illinoensis
Desmodium caudatum (syn. Ohwia caudata), Roots: 0.087% DMT,
Codariocalyx motorius(syn. Desmodium gyrans), DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, leaves, roots
Desmodium racemosum, 5-MeO-DMT
Desmodium triflorum, 0.0004% DMT-N-oxide, roots, less in stems and trace in leaves.
Lespedeza capitata
Lespedeza bicolor, DMT, Lespedamine, and 5-MeO-DMT in leaves and roots
Lespedeza bicolor var. japonica, DMT, 5-MeO-DMT in leaves and root bark
Mimosa ophthalmocentra, Dried root: DMT 1.6%, NMT 0.0012% and hordenine 0.0065%
Mimosa scabrella, tryptamine, NMT, DMT and N-methyltetrahydrocarboline in bark
Mimosa somnians, tryptamines and MMT
Mimosa tenuiflora (syn. "Mimosa hostilis"), 0.31-0.57% DMT (dry root bark).
Mimosa verrucosa, DMT in root bark
Mucuna pruriens, the seeds of the plant contain about 3.1–6.1% L-DOPA.
Petalostylis casseoides, 0.4–0.5% tryptamine, DMT, etc. in leaves and stems
Petalostylis labicheoides var. casseoides, DMT in leaves and stems; 0.4–0.5% alkaloids in leaves and stems; Tryptamines in leaves and stems, MAO's up to 0.5%
Phyllodium pulchellum(syn. Desmodium pulchellum), DMT; 0.2% 5-MeO-DMT, small quantities of DMT DMT (dominates in seedlings and young plants), 5-MeO-DMT (dominates in mature plant), whole plant, roots, stems, leaves, flowers;
Erythrina flabelliformis, other Erythrina species, seeds contain the alkaloids erysodin and erysovin
Zornia latifolia, the flavones genistein, apigenin and syzalterin may explain the cannabis-like effects




= Lauraceae

=
Nectandra megapotamica, NMT




= Malpighiaceae

=
Diplopterys cabrerana: McKenna et al. (1984) assayed and found the leaves contain 0.17% DMT




= Myristicaceae

=
Horsfieldia superba: 5-MeO-DMT, Horsfiline, and beta-carbolines
Iryanthera macrophylla: 5-MeO-DMT in bark;
Iryanthera ulei: 5-MeO-DMT in bark
Osteophloem platyspermum: DMT, 5-MeO-DMT in bark
Virola calophylla, Leaves 0.149% DMT, leaves 0.006% MMT 5-MeO-DMT in bark
Virola calophylloidea, DMT, 5-MeO-DMT
Virola carinata, DMT in leaves; DMT, 5-MeO-DMT
Virola cuspidata, DMT
Virola divergens, DMT in leaves
Virola elongata(syn. Virola theiodora), DMT, 5-MeO-DMT in bark, roots, leaves and flowers
Virola melinonii, DMT in bark; DMT, 5-MeO-DMT
Virola multinervia, DMT, 5-MeO-DMT in bark and roots
Virola pavonis, DMT in leaves
Virola peruviana, DMT, 5-MeO-DMT; 5-MeO-DMT, traces of DMT and 5-MeO-tryptamine in bark
Virola rufula, Alkaloids in bark and root, 95% of which is MeO-DMT 0.190% 5-MeO-DMT in bark, 0.135% 5-MeO-DMT in root, 0.092% DMT in leaves.
Virola sebifera, The bark contains 0.065% to 0.25% alkaloids, most of which are DMT and 5-MeO-DMT.
Virola venosa, DMT, 5-MeO-DMT in roots, leaves DMT




= Ochnaceae

=
Testulea gabonensis: 0.2% 5-MeO-DMT, small quantities of DMT, DMT in bark and root bark, NMT




= Pandanaceae

=
Genus Pandanus (Screw Pine): DMT in nuts




= Poaceae (Gramineae)

=
Some Graminae (grass) species contain gramine, which can cause brain damage, other organ damage, central nervous system damage and death in sheep.

Arundo donax, 0.0057% DMT in dried rhizome, no stem, 0.026% bufotenine, 0.0023% 5-MeO-MMT
Phalaris aquatica, 0.0007–0.18% Total alkaloids, 0.100% DMT, 0.022% 5-MeO-DMT, 0.005% 5-OH-DMT
Phalaris arundinacea, 0.0004–0.121% Total alkaloids
Phalaris brachystachys, aerial parts up to 3% total alkaloids, DMT present
Phalaris coerulescens, Coerulescine and 2-methyl-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-β-carboline in rhizome.
Phragmites australis, DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, bufotenine and gramine in the rhizome.
None of the above alkaloids are said to have been found in Phalaris californica, Phalaris canariensis, Phalaris minor and hybrids of P. arundinacea together with P. aquatica.




= Polygonaceae

=
Eriogonum : DMT




= Rubiaceae

=
Psychotria carthagenensis, 0.2% average DMT in dried leaves.
Psychotria colorata, Presence of mu opioid receptor(MOR) agonist and NMDA antagonist: hodgkinsine, psychotridine. Also mentioned in The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants: Ethnopharmacology and Its Applications.
Psychotria expansa, DMT
Psychotria forsteriana, DMT
Psychotria insularum, DMT
Psychotria poeppigiana, DMT
Psychotria rostrata, DMT
Psychotria rufipilis, DMT
Psychotria viridis, DMT 0.1–0.61% dried mass.




= Rutaceae

=
Dictyoloma incanescens, 5-MeO-DMT in leaves, 0.04% 5-MeO-DMT in bark
Dutaillyea drupacea, > 0.4% 5-MeO-DMT in leaves
Dutaillyea oreophila, 5-MeO-DMT in leaves
Tetradium ruticarpum(syn. Evodia rutaecarpa), 5-MeO-DMT in leaves, fruit and roots
Limonia acidissima, Traces of DMT; 5-MeO-DMT in stems
Euodia leptococca (formerly Melicope), 0.2% total alkaloids, 0.07% 5-MeO-DMT; 5-MeO-DMT in leaves and stems, also "5-MeO-DMT-Oxide and a beta-carboline"
Pilocarpus organensis, DMT, 5-MeO-DMT in leaves (Might also contain pilocarpine)
Vepris ampody, Up to 0.2% DMT in leaves and branches
Zanthoxylum arborescens, Traces of DMT; DMT in leaves
Zanthoxylum procerum, DMT in leaves
Citrus limon, DMT, N-Methylated tryptamine derivative in leaves
Citrus sinesis,DMT, N-Methylated tryptamine derivative
Citrus bergamia,DMT, N-Methylated tryptamine derivative
Mandarin orange Traces of N-methylated tryptamine derivative in leaf.
Chinotto Tree, N-Methylated tryptamine derivative in leaf
Citrus medica, N-Methylated tryptamine derivative in leaf




Phenethylamines



Species, Alkaloid Content (Fresh) – Alkaloid Content (Dried)

Coryphantha contains various phenethylamine alkaloids including macromerine, coryphanthine, O-methyl-candicine, corypalmine, and N-methyl-corypalmine.
Cylindropuntia echinocarpa (syn. Opuntia echinocarpa), Mescaline 0.01%, DMPEA 0.01%, 4-hydroxy-3-5-dimethoxyphenethylamine 0.01%
Cylindropuntia spinosior (syn. Opuntia spinosior), Mescaline 0.00004%, 3-methoxytyramine 0.001%, tyramine 0.002%, 3-4-dimethoxyphenethylamine.
Echinopsis lageniformis (syns Echinopsis scopulicola, Trichocereus bridgesii), Mescaline > 0.025%, also DMPEA < 1%, 3-methoxytyramine < 1%, tyramine < 1%; Mescaline 2%
Echinopsis macrogona (syn. Trichocereus macrogonus), > 0.01–0.05% Mescaline
Echinopsis pachanoi (syn. Trichocereus pachanoi), Mescaline 0.006–0.12%, 0.05% Average; Mescaline 0.01%–2.375%
Echinopsis peruviana (syn. Trichocereus peruvianus), Mescaline 0.0005%–0.12%; Mescaline
Echinopsis spachiana (syn. Trichocereus spachianus), Mescaline; Mescaline
Echinopsis tacaquirensis subsp. taquimbalensis (syn. Trichocereus taquimbalensis), > 0.005–0.025% mescaline
Echinopsis terscheckii (syn. Trichocereus terscheckii, Trichocereus werdemannianus) > 0.005–0.025% Mescaline; mescaline 0.01%–2.375%
Echinopsis valida, 0.025% mescaline
Lophophora williamsii (Peyote), 0.4% Mescaline; 3–6% Mescaline
Opuntia acanthocarpa Mescaline
Opuntia basilaris Mescaline 0.01%, plus 4-hydroxy-3-5-dimethoxyphenethylamine
Pelecyphora aselliformis, mescaline




Beta-carbolines



Beta-carbolines are "reversible" MAO-A inhibitors. They are found in some plants used to make Ayahuasca. In high doses the harmala alkaloids are somewhat hallucinogenic on their own. β-carboline is a benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonist and can therefore have convulsive, anxiogenic and memory enhancing effects.




= Apocynaceae

=
Amsonia tabernaemontana, Harman
Aspidosperma exalatum, Beta-carbolines
Aspidosperma polyneuron, Beta-carbolines
Apocynum cannabinum, Harmalol
Ochrosia nakaiana, Harman
Pleiocarpa mutica, Beta-carbolines




= Bignoniaceae

=
Newbouldia laevis, Harman




= Calycanthaceae

=
Calycanthus occidentalis, Harman; Harmine




= Chenopodiaceae

=
Hammada leptoclada, Harman; Tetrahydroharman, etc.
Kochia scoparia, Harman; Harmine, etc.




= Combretaceae

=
Guiera senegalensis, Tetrahydroharmine; Harman, etc.




= Cyperaceae

=
Carex brevicollis, Harmine, etc.
Carex parva, Beta-carbolines




= Elaeagnaceae

=
Elaeagnus angustifolia, Harman, etc.
Elaeagnus commutata, Beta-carbolines
Elaeagnus hortensis, Tetrahydroharman, etc.
Elaeagnus orientalis, Tetrahydroharman
Elaeagnus spinosa, Tetrahydroharman
Hippophae rhamnoides, Harman, etc.
Shepherdia argentea, Tetrahydroharmol
Shepherdia canadensis, Tetrahydroharmol




= Gramineae

=
Arundo donax, Tetrahydroharman, etc.
Festuca arundinacea, Harman, etc.
Lolium perenne, (Perennial Ryegrass), Harman, etc.
Phalaris aquatica, Beta-carbolines
Phalaris arundinacea, Beta-carbolines




= Lauraceae

=
Nectandra megapotamica, Beta-carbolines




= Leguminosae

=
Acacia baileyana, Tetrahydroharman
Acacia complanata, Tetrahydroharman, etc.
Burkea africana, Harman, etc.
Desmodium gangeticum, Beta-carbolines
Desmodium gyrans, Beta-carbolines
Mucuna pruriens, 6-Methoxyharman, Dihydroharman, Harman
Petalostylis labicheoides, Tetrahydroharman; MAO's up to 0.5%
Prosopis nigra, Harmalicin, Harman, etc.
Shepherdia pulchellum, Beta-carbolines




= Loganiaceae

=
Strychnos melinoniana, Beta-carbolines
Strychnos usambarensis, Harman




= Malpighiaceae

=
Banisteriopsis argentia, 5-methoxytetrahydroharman, (−)-N(6)-methoxytetrahydroharman, dimethyltryptamine-N(6)-oxide
Banisteriopsis caapi, Harmine 0.31–0.84%, tetrahydroharmine, telepathine, dihydroshihunine, 5-MeO-DMT in bark
Banisteriopsis inebrians, Beta-carbolines
Banisteriopsis lutea, Harmine, telepathine
Banisteriopsis metallicolor, Harmine, telepathine
Banisteriopsis muricata Harmine up to 6%, harmaline up to 4%, plus DMT
Diplopterys cabrerana, Beta-carbolines
Cabi pratensis, Beta-carbolines
Callaeum antifebrile(syn. Cabi paraensis), Harmine
Tetrapterys methystica(syn. Tetrapteris methystica), Harmine




= Myristicaceae

=
Gymnacranthera paniculata, Beta-carbolines
Horsfieldia superba Beta-carbolines
Virola cuspidata, 6-Methoxy-Harman
Virola rufula, Beta-carbolines
Virola theiodora, Beta-carbolines




= Ochnaceae

=
Testulea gabonensis, Beta-carbolines




= Palmae

=
Plectocomiopsis geminiflora, Beta-carbolines




= Papaveraceae

=
Meconopsis horridula, Beta-carbolines
Meconopsis napaulensis, Beta-carbolines
Meconopsis paniculata, Beta-carbolines
Meconopsis robusta, Beta-carbolines
Meconopsis rudis, Beta-carbolines
Papaver rhoeas, Beta-carbolines
Papaver Bracteatum ~ Tefamine
Papaver Paeoniflorum ~ Morphine
Papaver Setigerum ~ Morphine
Papaver somniferum ~ Morphine




= Passifloraceae

=

Passiflora actinia, Harman
Passiflora alata, Harman
Passiflora alba, Harman
Passiflora bryonoides, Harman
Passiflora caerulea, Harman
Passiflora capsularis, Harman
Passiflora decaisneana, Harman
Passiflora edulis, Harman, 0–7001 ppm in fruit
Passiflora eichleriana, Harman
Passiflora foetida, Harman
Passiflora incarnata (with bee), Harmine, Harmaline, Harman, etc. 0.03%. Alkaloids in rind of fruit 0.25%
Passiflora quadrangularis, Harman
Passiflora ruberosa, Harman
Passiflora subpeltata, Harman
Passiflora warmingii, Harman




= Polygonaceae

=
Calligonum minimum, Beta-carbolines
Leptactinia densiflora, Tetrahydroharmine, etc.
Ophiorrhiza japonica, Harman
Pauridiantha callicarpoides, Harman
Pauridiantha dewevrei, Harman
Pauridiantha lyalli, Harman
Pauridiantha viridiflora, Harman
Simira klugei, Harman
Simira rubra, Harman




= Rubiaceae

=
Borreria verticillata, Beta-carbolines
Leptactinia densiflora, Beta-carbolines
Nauclea diderrichii, Beta-carbolines
Ophiorrhiza japonica, Beta-carbolines
Pauridiantha callicarpoides, Beta-carbolines
Pauridiantha dewevrei, Beta-carbolines
Pauridiantha yalli, Beta-carbolines
Pauridiantha viridiflora, Beta-carbolines
Pavetta lanceolata, Beta-carbolines
Psychotria carthagenensis, Beta-carbolines
Psychotria viridis, Beta-carbolines
Simira klugei, Beta-carbolines
Simira rubra, Beta-carbolines
Uncaria attenuata, Beta-carbolines
Uncaria canescens, Beta-carbolines
Uncaria orientalis, Beta-carbolines
Nauclea latifolia, Tramadol




= Rutaceae

=
Tetradium (syn. Evodia) species: Some contain carbolines
Euodia leptococca Beta-carboline
Araliopsis tabouensis, Beta-carbolines
Flindersia laevicarpa, Beta-carbolines
Xanthoxylum rhetsa, Beta-carbolines




= Sapotaceae

=
Chrysophyllum lacourtianum, Norharman etc.
Scutellaria nana




= Simaroubaceae

=
Ailanthus malabarica, Beta-carbolines. (See also Nag Champa)
Perriera madagascariensis, Beta-carbolines
Picrasma ailanthoides, Beta-carbolines
Picrasma crenata, Beta-carbolines
Picrasma excelsa, Beta-carbolines
Picrasma javanica, Beta-carbolines




= Solanaceae

=
Vestia foetida, (Syn V. lycioides) Beta-carbolines




= Symplocaceae

=
Symplocos racemosa, Harman




= Tiliaceae

=
Grewia mollis, Beta-carbolines




= Zygophyllaceae

=
Fagonia cretica, Harman
Nitraria schoberi, Beta-carbolines
Peganum harmala, (Syrian Rue), The seeds contain about 2–6% alkaloids, most of which is harmaline. Peganum harmala is also an abortifacient.
Peganum nigellastrum, Harmine
Tribulus terrestris, Harmine etc.; Harman
Zygophyllum fabago, Harmine etc.; Harman




Opiates



Opiates are the natural products of many plants, the most famous and historically relevant of which is Papaver somniferum. Opiates are defined as natural products (or their esters and salts that revert to the natural product in the human body), whereas opioids are defined as semi-synthetic or fully synthetic compounds that trigger the Opioid receptor of the mu sub-type. Other opiate receptors, such as kappa- and delta-opiate receptors are part of this system but do not cause the characteristic behavioral depression and analgesia which is mostly mediated through the mu-opiate receptor.
An opiate, in classical pharmacology, is a substance derived from opium. In more modern usage, the term opioid is used to designate all substances, both natural and synthetic, that bind to opioid receptors in the brain (including antagonists). Opiates are alkaloid compounds naturally found in the Papaver somniferum plant (opium poppy). The psychoactive compounds found in the opium plant include morphine, codeine, and thebaine. Opiates have long been used for a variety of medical conditions with evidence of opiate trade and use for pain relief as early as the eighth century AD. Opiates are considered drugs with moderate to high abuse potential and are listed on various "Substance-Control Schedules" under the Uniform Controlled Substances Act of the United States of America.
In 2014, between 13 and 20 million people used opiates recreationally (0.3% to 0.4% of the global population between the ages of 15 and 65). According to the CDC, from this population, there were 47,000 deaths, with a total of 500,000 deaths from 2000 to 2014. In 2016, the World Health Organization reported that 27 million people suffer from Opioid use disorder. They also reported that in 2015, 450,000 people died as a result of drug use, with between a third and a half of that number being attributed to opioids.




= Papaver somniferum

=
The plant contains a latex that thickens into opium when it is dried. Opium contains approximately 40 alkaloids, which are summarized as opium alkaloids. The main psychoactive alkaloids are:

Morphine: 3 to 20% in opium
Codeine 0.1 to 4% in opium
Thebaine 0.1 to 4% in opium
Noscapine 1 to 11% in opium
Oripavine




= Atherospermataceae

=
Laurelia novae-zelandiae ~ pukateine

Cnidium officinale




= Mitragyna speciosa/Mitragyna parvifolia

=

Mitragynine: Approx. 0.33% in dried leaves
7-Hydroxymitragynine
Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl




= Picralima nitida

=

Akuammicine
Pericine It may also have convulsant effects.




= Psychotria colorata

=

Hodgkinsine




= Aspidosperma spp.

=
Akuammicine




Plants containing other psychoactive substances






See also


Aztec entheogenic complex
Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record
God in a Pill?
Hallucinogenic fish
Hallucinogenic plants in Chinese herbals
List of Acacia species known to contain psychoactive alkaloids
List of entheogenic/hallucinogenic species
List of plants used for smoking
List of poisonous plants
List of psychoactive plants, fungi, and animals
Louisiana State Act 159
N,N-Dimethyltryptamine
Psilocybin mushrooms
Psychoactive cactus
Psychoactive plant




Notes






References






Bibliography


Al Zarouni, Yousif (2015). The Effects of Khat (Catha Edulis). London: Yousif Al Zarouni.




External links


Descriptions of psychoactive Cacti. Lycaeum Visionary Cactus Guide
Erowid Tryptamine FAQ – More Plants Containing Tryptamines
John Stephen Glasby, Dictionary of Plants Containing Secondary Metabolites, Published by CRC Press
Golden Guide to Hallucinogenic Plants
Hallucinogens on the Internet: A Vast New Source of Underground Drug Information John H. Halpern, M.D. and Harrison G. Pope, Jr., M.D.
Chemical Investigations of the Alkaloids from the Plants of the Family Elaeocarpaceae – Peter L. Katavic, Chemical Investigations of the Alkaloids From the Plants Of The Family Elaeocarpaceae, School of Science/Natural Product Discovery (NPD), Faculty of Science, Griffith University
Alexander T. Shulgin, Psychotomimetic Drugs: Structure-Activity Relationships
UNODC The plant kingdom and hallucinogens (part II)
UNODC The plant kingdom and hallucinogens (part III)
Virola – Dried Herbarium Specimens
Virola Species Pictures – USGS
Desmanthus illinoensis – USDA
Psychedelic Reader (Google Books)

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Artemisia absinthium
• Qat
• List of psychoactive plants
• List of psychoactive plants, fungi, and animals
• Psychoactive plant
• List of Acacia species known to contain psychoactive alkaloids
• Psychoactive cactus
• List of plants used for smoking
• Lists of plants
• Hallucinogenic plants in Chinese herbals
• Christian Rätsch
• Drug