• Source: LOCOS

LOCOS, short for LOCal Oxidation of Silicon, is a microfabrication process where silicon dioxide is formed in selected areas on a silicon wafer having the Si-SiO2 interface at a lower point than the rest of the silicon surface. As of 2008 it was largely superseded by shallow trench isolation.
This technology was developed to insulate MOS transistors from each other and limit transistor cross-talk. The main goal is to create a silicon oxide insulating structure that penetrates under the surface of the wafer, so that the Si-SiO2 interface occurs at a lower point than the rest of the silicon surface. This cannot be easily achieved by etching field oxide. Thermal oxidation of selected regions surrounding transistors is used instead. The oxygen penetrates in depth of the wafer, reacts with silicon and transforms it into silicon oxide. In this way, an immersed structure is formed. For process design and analysis purposes, the oxidation of silicon surfaces can be modeled effectively using the Deal–Grove model.




References






See also


Shallow trench isolation
• Source: LoCoS

LoCoS (short for Lovers Communication System) is a pictorial language developed by Yukio Ota of Japan in 1964. It was meant as communication for the deaf and mute as well as for the illiterate. It is a universal and simple language, and as Ota put it, "It should emphasize the importance of communication among all the people of all the countries of the world."




Symbols


There are 8 major symbols in LoCoS. There is the Sun or day, represented by a circle. There is man, represented by a ring shape. There is a thing, represented by a square. There is thought, represented by a triangle with a slightly cut off top. There is feeling, represented by a heart. There is land or place, represented by a low straight line. There is the question indicator, a question mark. There is, lastly, a point or existence, represented by a single point.




Words


Words are made by combining different symbols in different ways. For example if you put a dot inside a circle it will represent today, or if you put a fish in a ring shape it will be a fisherman. There are around 80 words that are official according to Yukio Ota. Words can be created as long as they follow the basic word syntax.




Sentences


Sentences are formed by a combination of certain words. There are three rows that you use when writing sentences. The middle row is used for the core words (nouns, verbs, and direct/indirect objects). The top row is used to modify verbs with adverbs. The bottom row is used to modify nouns using adjectives.




Bibliography


Bliss, C.K. (1965). Semantography (Blissymbolocs). Sydney, Australia: Semantography Publications, second edition, 882 pp. The book presents a system for universal writing, or pasigraphy.
Ota, Yukio (1973). «LoCoS: An Experimental Pictorial Language.» Icographic, No. 6, pp. 15-19. Published by ICOGRADA, the International Council of Graphic Design Associations, based in London.
Ota, Yukio (1987). Pictogram Design, Kashiwashobo, Tokyo, ISBN 4-7601-0300-7, 1987. The author presents a world-wide collection of case studies in visible language signage systems, including LoCoS.
• Source: Locos

Locos: A Comedy of Gestures is the first novel of Spanish-born American writer Felipe Alfau (1902–1999), written in 1928 and published in 1936. The metafictional novel remained out of print until 1988 when it was reprinted by Dalkey Archive Press; its positive reception then led to the publication of Alfau's second novel Chromos in 1990, which he had written in 1948.




Synopsis



The book consists of eight independent but interrelated short stories that the author states can be read in any order. In the introduction, Alfau thanks his characters "for their anarchic collaboration"—in the stories the characters and narrator often interact.




= Contents

=
"Identity"
"A Character"
"The Beggar"
"Fingerprints"
"The Wallet"
"Chinelato"
I "The Ogre"
II "The Black Mandarin"
III "Tia Mariquita"
"The Necrophil"
"A Romance of Dogs"
I "Students"
II "Spring"




Background


Felipe Alfau was born and grew up in Spain. In 1916, the 14-year-old Alfau moved with his family to New York. He had ambitions to become a music conductor and wrote music criticism for El Diario La Prensa. By the late 1920s he had a wife and daughter and hoped to support them with his writing; he wrote Locos about 1928, and in 1929 he had a children's book Old Tales from Spain published. He had considerable difficulty finding a publisher for Locos.




Publication and reception



Farrar & Rinehart first published the book in 1936; Alfau received $250 for the manuscript. The edition was priced $2.50 and was the first in an intended series of signed editions sold by subscription. The book had a positive critical reception, including a review by writer Mary McCarthy, and quickly disappeared. The book then stayed out of print until editor Steven Moore introduced it to Dalkey Archive Press, which reprinted it in 1988 with an afterword by McCarthy.
Alfau said he was "bemused" with the attention the book received late in his life, but remarked it would have interested him more if it had come when he was younger.
Comics writer Harvey Pekar wrote a one-page comic strip entitled "Felipe Alfau" (1993), illustrated by Joe Sacco, in which he recounts discovering a first-edition copy of Locos; in the original draft of the script he compares the work to those of O'Brien, Queneau, and Cervantes.




Legacy


Alfau's techniques are seen as anticipating those in the works of later-generation postmodern writers such as Barth, Calvino, Nabokov, Pynchon, O'Brien, and Borges. McCarthy described the attraction of the book to her as "the modernist novel as detective story", and later compared it to Nabokov's Pale Fire (1962). Comparable works that preceded Alfau's include Pirandello's play Six Characters in Search of an Author (1921) and works by Unamuno in the mid-1920s.
The idea of characters taking on a life independent from their author's intention reappears in Gilbert Sorrentino's Mulligan Stew (1979) and Desmond MacNamara's The Book of Intrusions (1994).
A chapter appeared in the 2011 Norton Anthology of Latino Literature.




References






= Works cited

=




Further reading


Carlos, Ramos (June 2003). "Modernidades desplazadas: Locos (1928) de Felipe Alfau y Locura y muerte de nadie (1929) de Benjamín Jarnés". Revista Hispánica Moderna (in Spanish). 56 (1). University of Pennsylvania Press: 105–115. JSTOR 30203901.
Scott, Joseph B. (2005). Thundering out of the Shadow: Modernism and Identity in the Novels of Felipe Alfau (Master of Arts). University of Missouri–Columbia. hdl:10355/4277.
Stavans, Ilán (December 1989). "Contra el olvido: Locos (1936), de Felipe Alfau". Revista Hispánica Moderna (in Spanish). 42 (2). University of Pennsylvania Press: 173–177. JSTOR 30203224.
Sweeney, Susan Elizabeth (Spring 1993). John O'Brien (ed.). "Aliens, Aliases, and Alibis: Alfau's Locos as a Metaphysical Detective Story". The Review of Contemporary Literature. Illinois State University.

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