• Source: Madang languages

The Madang or Madang–Adelbert Range languages are a language family of Papua New Guinea. They were classified as a branch of Trans–New Guinea by Stephen Wurm, followed by Malcolm Ross. William A. Foley concurs that it is "highly likely" that the Madang languages are part of TNG, although the pronouns, the usual basis for classification in TNG, have been "replaced" in Madang. Timothy Usher finds that Madang is closest to the Upper Yuat River languages and other families to its west, but does not for now address whether this larger group forms part of the TNG family.
The family is named after Madang Province and the Adelbert Range.




History


Sidney Herbert Ray identified the Rai Coast family in 1919. In 1951 these were linked with the Mabuso languages by Arthur Capell to create his Madang family. John Z'graggen (1971, 1975) expanded Madang to languages of the Adelbert Range and renamed the family Madang–Adelbert Range, and Stephen Wurm (1975) adopted this as a branch of his Trans–New Guinea phylum. For the most part, Malcolm Ross's (2005) Madang family includes the same languages as Z'graggen Madang–Adelbert Range, but the internal classification is different in several respects, such as the dissolution of the Brahman branch.




Internal classification


The languages are as follows:

The time depth of Madang is comparable to that of Austronesian or Indo-European.




Pronouns


Ross (2000) reconstructed the pronouns as follows:

These are not the common TNG pronouns. However, Ross postulates that the TNG dual suffixes *-le and *-t remain, and suggests that the TNG pronouns live on as Kalam verbal suffixes.




Evolution



Madang family reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma:




= Family-wide innovations

=
pTNG *mbena ‘arm’ > proto-Madang *kambena (accretion of *ka-)
pTNG *mb(i,u)t(i,u)C ‘fingernail’ > proto-Madang *timbi(n,t) (metathesis)
pTNG *(n)ok ‘water’ replaced by proto-Madang *yaŋgu




= Croisilles

=
Garuh language:

muki ‘brain’ < *muku
bi ‘guts’ < *simbi
hap ‘cloud’ < *samb(V)
balamu ‘firelight’ < *mbalaŋ
wani ‘name’ < *[w]ani ‘who?’
wus ‘wind, breeze’ < *kumbutu
kalam ‘moon’ < *kala(a,i)m
neg- ‘to watch’ < *nVŋg- ‘see, know’
ma ‘taro’ < *mV
ahi ‘sand’ < *sa(ŋg,k)asiŋ
Pay language:

in- ‘sleep’ < *kin(i,u)-
kawus ‘smoke’ < *kambu
tawu-na ‘ashes’ < *sambu
imun ‘hair’ < *sumu(n,t)
ano ‘who’ < *[w]ani
Proto-Northern Adelbert:

*waben ‘arm, hand’ < *mbena
*bab ‘older brother’ < *[mb]amba
*ked ‘blood’ < *ke(nj,s)a
*gemaŋ ‘heart’ < *kamu
*kumaŋ ‘neck, nape’ < *kuma(n, ŋ)
*kasin ‘mosquito’ < *kasin
*um- ‘die’ < *kumV-
*in- ‘sleep’ < *kin(i,u)[m]-
*ag- 'see' ‘know, hear, see’ < *nVŋg-
*me (+verb) ‘NEG’ < *ma- (+verb)
*yag ‘water’ < *ok[V]
*tak ‘leaf’ < *sasak




= Kalam

=
Kalam language (most closely related to the Rai Coast languages):

meg ‘teeth’ < *maŋgat[a]
md-magi ‘heart’ < *mundu-maŋgV
mkem ‘cheek’ < *mVkVm ‘cheek, chin’
sb ‘excrement, guts’ < *simbi
muk ‘milk, sap, brain’ < *muku
yman ‘louse’ < *iman
yb ‘name’ < *imbi
kdl ‘root’ < *kindil
malaŋ ‘flame’ < *mbalaŋ
melk ‘(fire or day)light’ < *(m,mb)elak
kn- ‘to sleep, lie down’ < *kini(i,u)[m]-
kum- ‘die’ < *kumV-
md- < *mVna- ‘be, stay’
nŋ-, ng- ‘perceive, know, see, hear, etc’ < *nVŋg-
kawnan ‘shadow, spirit’ < *k(a,o)
nan, takn ‘moon’ < *takVn[V]
magi ‘round thing, egg, fruit, etc.’ < *maŋgV
ami ‘mother’ < *am(a,i,u)
b ‘man’ < *ambi
bapi, -ap ‘father’ < *mbapa, *ap
saŋ ‘women’s dancing song’ < *saŋ
ma- ‘negator’ < *ma-
an ‘who’ < *[w]ani




= Rai Coast

=
Dumpu language:

man- ‘be, stay’ < *mVna-
mekh ‘teeth’ < *maŋgat[a]
im ‘louse’ < *iman
munu ‘heart’ < *mundun ‘inner organs’
kum- ‘die’ < *kumV-
kono ‘shadow’ < *k(a,o)nan
kini- ‘sleep’ < *kin(i,u)[m]-
ra- ‘take’ < *(nd,t)a-
urau ‘long’ < *k(o,u)ti(mb,p)V
gra ‘dry’ < *(ŋg,k)atata




= Southern Adelbert

=
Sirva language:

mun(zera) ‘be, stay’ < *mVna-
kaja ‘blood’ < *kenja
miku ‘brain’ < *muku
simbil ‘guts’ < *simbi
tipi ‘fingernail’ < *mb(i,)ut(i,u)C (metathesis)
iːma ‘louse’ < *iman
ibu ‘name’ < *imbi
kanumbu ‘wind’ < *kumbutu
mundu(ma) ‘nose’ < *mundu
kaːsi ‘sand’ < *sa(ŋg,k)asiŋ
apapara ‘butterfly’ < *apa(pa)ta
kumu- ‘die’ < *kumV-
ŋg- ‘see’ < *nVŋg-




Proto-language


The following selected reconstructions of Proto-Madang by Ross (2014) are from the Trans-New Guinea database. Proto-Trans–New Guinea reconstructions are from Andrew Pawley and Harald Hammarström (2018).: 141–146 




Notes






References



Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.
Pawley, Ross, & Osmond, 2005. Papuan languages and the Trans New Guinea phylum. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 38–51.




CLDF Dataset


Z'graggen, J A. (1980) A comparative word list of the Northern Adelbert Range Languages, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. (CLDF dataset on Zenodo doi:10.5281/zenodo.3537580)




External links


ELAR archive of Documenting the Sogeram Language Family of Papua New Guinea

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Rumpun bahasa Trans-Nugini
• Bahasa Betawi
• Orang Minangkabau
• Madang languages
• Madang
• Madang Province
• Trans–New Guinea languages
• Ngero–Vitiaz languages
• Southern Adelbert languages
• Mala language
• Northern Adelbert languages
• Mainstream Kenyah language
• Papuan languages