• Source: Melissa

Melissa is a female name. The name comes from the Greek word μέλισσα (mélissa), "bee", which in turn comes from μέλι (meli), "honey". In Hittite, melit signifies "honey".
Melissa is a common variant form, with others being Malissa, Melesa, Melessa, Meliza, Mellisa, Melosa, and Molissa.
According to Greek mythology, perhaps reflecting Minoan culture, making her the daughter of a Cretan king Melisseus, whose -issos ending is Pre-Greek, Melissa was a nymph who discovered and taught the use of honey and from whom bees were believed to have received their name. She was one of the nymph nurses of Zeus, sister to Amaltheia, but rather than feeding the baby milk, Melissa, appropriately for her name, fed him honey. Or, alternatively, the bees brought honey straight to his mouth. Because of her, Melissa became the name of all the nymphs who cared for the patriarch god as a baby. Melissa can also be spelled Mellissa, Mellisa, Melisa, Malissa, Malisa, Mallissa, Mallisa, Milisa, and Milissa.




Mythology






= Ancient Greek mythology

=

The name "Melissa" has a long history with roots reaching back to even before Ancient Greece. For this reason, in part, there are several versions of the story surrounding the mythological character Melissa, especially in how she came to care for the infant Zeus. Melissa is said to be one of the various nymphs who raised the infant Zeus; in one little-attested version, Zeus transformed her into a bee under unclear circumstances.
Nymphs, such as Melissa, played an important role in mythic accounts of the origin of basic institutions and skills, as in the training of the culture heroes Dionysos and Aristaeus or the civilizing behaviors taught by the bee nymph. The antiquarian Mnaseas' account of Melissa gives a good picture of her function as in this respect. According to folklore, as Larson phrases it, "Melissa first found a honeycomb, tasted it, then mixed it with water as a beverage. She taught others to do this, and thus the creature was named for her, and she was made its guardian." This was part of the Nymphs' achievement of bringing men out of their wild state. Under the guidance of Melissa, the Nymphs not only turned men away from eating each other to eating only this product of the forest trees, but also introduced into the world of men the feeling of modesty.
In addition, the ancient Greek philosopher Porphyry (233 to c. 304 AD) wrote of the priestesses of Demeter, known as Melissae ("bees"), who were initiates of the chthonian goddess. The story surrounding Melissae tells of an elderly priestess of Demeter, named Melissa, initiated into her mysteries by the goddess herself. When Melissa's neighbors tried to make her reveal the secrets of her initiation, she remained silent, never letting a word pass from her lips. In anger, the women tore her to pieces, but Demeter sent a plague upon them, causing bees to be born from Melissa's dead body. From Porphyry's writings, scholars have also learned that Melissa was the name of the moon goddess Artemis and the goddess who took suffering away from mothers giving birth. Souls were symbolized by bees and it was Melissa who drew souls down to be born. She was connected with the idea of a periodic regeneration.



Melitta

The variant spelling/pronunciation Melitta is the Attic Greek dialect for Melissa. (Compare the Attic word for sea, thalatta, with the more common thalassa.) Within a fragment of the Orphic poetry, quoted by Natalis Comes, Melitta is spoken of as a hive, and called Seira, or the hive of Venus:

Let us celebrate the hive of Venus, who rose from the sea: that hive of many names: the mighty fountain, from whence all kings are descended; from whence all the winged and immortal Loves were again produced.
From the works of Hesychius, it is clear that the word Seira among other interpretations signified Melitta, a bee; also a hive, or house of Melitta, "[s]uch is the sense of it in this passage: and [she] was thus represented in ancient mythology, as being the receptacle, from whence issued that swarm, by which the world was peopled". With that said, Seira was none other than the goddess Demeter, the supposed mother of mankind; who was also styled as Melitta and Melissa, and was looked upon as the Venus of the East. This Deity, Melitta, was the same as Mylitta, the well-known Venus of the Babylonians and Arabians. Melissa or Melitta is also said to be the mother-wife of Phoroneus, the first that reigned, in whose days the dispersion of mankind occurred, whereas before all had been in harmony and only one language was spoken. Melitta, being the feminine of Melitz, the Mediator, consequently signifies Melitta the Mediatrix for sinful mortals.




Poetry


The 16th-century Italian poet Ludovico Ariosto used the name "Melissa" for a good fairy (the good sorceress and prophetess who lived in Merlin's cave) in his poem Orlando Furioso. The following is an ode to Melissa's birthday by Thomas Blacklock, a Scottish poet from the late 18th century.




Popularity


Melissa became a popular name in the United States during the 1950s. The name was very popular from the 1960s to the 1990s; today Melissa is a relatively uncommon baby name. In 2010, fewer than 2,500 girls were given the name, compared with around 10,000 in 1993 and well over 30,000 at the name's peak popularity in 1979. In 2007, Melissa was the 137th most popular name for girls born in the United States, dropping steadily from its peak of second place in 1977. It was among the top ten most popular names for girls from 1967 to 1984.




In popular culture


"Melissa", a song by The Allman Brothers Band from the album Eat a Peach.
"Melissa", the thirteenth single by Japanese rock band Porno Graffitti, was used as the first opening theme of the anime Fullmetal Alchemist.
Melissa, the first studio album by Mercyful Fate, issued in 1983.
Melisso is a male character in the opera Alcina by George Frideric Handel.
Melissa & Joey is an American sitcom television series.
The Melissa is the title of a beekeeper priestess in Starhawk's 1993 novel, The Fifth Sacred Thing.




People


Melissa (3rd century BC), a Pythagorean philosopher




= In film, television, and radio

=
Melissa Altro, Canadian voice actress
Melissa Sue Anderson, American actress
Melissa Benoist, American actress, singer, dancer, and activist
Melissa De Sousa, American actress
Melissa Fumero, American actress
Melissa George, Australian actress and entrepreneur
Melissa Gilbert, American actress and television director
Melissa Joan Hart, American actress
Melissa Leo, American actress
Melissa McBride, American actress
Melissa McCarthy, American actress, comedian, writer, producer, and fashion designer
Melissa Rauch, an American actress
Melissa Stribling, Scottish actress
Melissa Villaseñor, American actress, comedian, and singer




= In the arts

=
Melissa Auf der Maur, Canadian musician, singer-songwriter, photographer, and actress
Melissa Etheridge, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and activist
Melissa Hamilton, Northern Irish ballet dancer
Melissa Hough, American ballet dancer
Melissa Jefferson (stage name Lizzo), American singer-songwriter
Melissa Manchester, American singer-songwriter and actress
Melissa VanFleet, American singer-songwriter and musician




= In the sciences

=
Melissa Farley (born 1942), American clinical psychologist, researcher, and radical feminist activist
Melissa Hathaway (born 1968), American cybersecurity expert
Melissa Simon, American clinical obstetrician/gynecologist
Melissa Trainer, American astrobiologist




= In sport

=
Melissa Caddle (born 1992), Guyanese sprinter
Melissa Cervantes (born 1986), Mexican-American professional wrestler and mixed martial artist
Mellissa Channell (born 1994), Canadian ice hockey player
Melissa Maizels (born 1993), Australian footballer
Melissa Mantak, triathlete and triathlon coach from the United States
Melissa Tanner (born 1973), Australian Paralympic archer
Melissa Wu (born 1992), Australian diver




= In politics

=
Melissa Lee (born 1966), New Zealand politician




= Criminals

=
Melissa Ann Shepard (born 1935), Canadian murderer




References






External links


Baby names
• Source: MELiSSA

The Micro-Ecological Life Support System Alternative (MELiSSA) is a European Space Agency (ESA) initiative with the aim to develop the technology for a future regenerative life support system for long-term human space missions. Initiated in 1989, the design is inspired by a terrestrial ecosystem. As of 2023, MELiSSA is a consortium made up of 30 organisations across Europe.




Life support concept


Space missions involving humans require essential resources to sustain life. Approximately 3.56 kg of drinkable water and 26 kg of water for hygiene is needed for each person. The longer and further the missions are, the more difficult and costly it becomes to supply resources. MELiSSA's aim is to ideally create an artificially closed ecosystem to autonomously recycle the wastes to oxygen, water and food with only the input of energy to drive the process.




MELiSSA loop


The loop is made up of 4 compartments with the crew members at the centre. The compartments are:

The liquefying compartment (compartment 1):
This compartment is the collection point for all mission waste, such as urea and kitchen waste, as well as the non-edible parts of the higher plant compartment (i.e. straw and roots). The compartment's aim is to anaerobically transform this waste to ammonium, H2, CO2, volatile fatty acids and minerals. For biosafety reasons and for optimum degradation efficiency, the compartment operates in thermophilic conditions (55 °C). The process of degradation in this compartment is carried out by proteolysis, saccharolysis and cellulolysis.

The photoheterotrophic compartment (compartment 2):
This compartment is responsible for the elimination of the terminal products of the liquefying compartment; mainly the volatile fatty acids.

The nitrifying compartment (compartment 3):
The nitrifying compartment's main function is to cycle NH4+ produced from waste to nitrates, which is the most favourable source of nitrogen for higher plants as well as Arthrospira platensis. The compartment is composed of a mix of Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter which oxidise NH4+ to NO2− and NO2− to NO3−, respectively. As this compartment is a fixed bed reactor, the importance of the hydrodynamic factors is slightly more important as well as more complicated.

The photoautotrophic compartment (compartment 4):
The fourth compartment is split into two parts: the algae compartment, colonised by the cyanobacteria Arthrospira platensis, and the higher plant compartment. These compartments are essential for the regeneration of oxygen and the production of food.




Operating principle of an artificial ecosystem



A closed ecosystem can be thought of as a mass balance between the major elements, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus (CHONSP), which alone represent 95% of the mass to recycle. The conversion of waste elements to resources, which can be used by crew members, can be achieved by two means: physiochemically or biologically. Physiochemical processes such as the Sabatier reaction would result in high efficiencies, but a large amount of energy is required in terms of temperature and pressure. In biological processes, using photosynthesis, efficiencies are lower, but ambient temperatures and pressures can be used. Photosynthesis is the process whereby plants convert light energy into chemical energy of sugars and other organic compounds. The chemical reactions utilise carbon and water with the by-product of oxygen, released into the atmosphere. MELiSSA is partly based on these photosynthetic reactions: recycling carbon dioxide into oxygen. Higher plants (wheat, rice, salad ingredients) would be utilised to produce food for the crew members. Photosynthetic micro-organisms would also be used to transform carbon dioxide into oxygen with the possibility of using the micro-organism of choice as part of the food intake, as an essential protein resource.




Distinctive features of the artificial ecosystem


Unlike a natural ecosystem, which is regulated by the interaction of many different species; an artificially closed ecosystem has a reduced number of steps and it is sized and controlled to reach the desired objectives. It is akin to industrial processes, transforming raw materials into useful substances. However, one key difference is the targeted objective to recycle near 100% of wastes (limiting feed stock), essentially operating MELiSSA in a closed loop.
Achieving near 100% for the major elements is theoretical. When compared to natural ecosystems, even Earth is not a truly closed system: every year, thousands of tons of meteoric matter fall to Earth from space, while thousands of tons of hydrogen and helium escape Earth's atmosphere. Further, an artificial ecosystem is inherently dynamic; MELiSSA has to respond very quickly to changes in human behaviour. This requires a dynamic control system which is developed for each step of the process and the system as a whole.




Pilot plant



The current MELiSSA Pilot Plant is located at Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and was inaugurated in 2009. It is the place where the results obtained by the MELiSSA international team are integrated and tested. The final goal of the operation of the Pilot Plant is to demonstrate, evaluate and improve the feasibility of the MELiSSA loop concept on ground conditions, in order to guide the future developments towards a regenerative life support system for space applications.




References






External links


Official website
MELiSSA Documentary (Video)
MELiSSA Pilot Plant
European Space Agency

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