• Source: Nieuport 12

The Nieuport 12 (or Nieuport XII in contemporary sources) was a French sesquiplane reconnaissance, fighter aircraft and trainer used by France, Russia, Great Britain and the United States during World War I. Later production examples were built as trainers and served widely until the late 1920s.




Design and development


To improve the performance of the Nieuport 10 a re-engined version was developed as the Nieuport 12 with a significantly enlarged upper wing. A Lewis gun was fitted to the rear cockpit for use by the observer, normally on an Etévé ring (known as the Nieuport ring in British service) although early examples used a pedestal mount or half ring. A second Lewis was sometimes fitted to fire over the top wing. Nieuport 12s built by Beardmore used by the Royal Flying Corps were sometimes fitted with a Scarff ring instead of the Nieuport ring, and a synchronized Vickers gun for the pilot. Additional modifications were made to those built by Beardmore.
It could be fitted with either a 100 hp (75 kW) Clerget, 130 hp (97 kW) Clerget 9B engine or 110 hp (82 kW) Le Rhône 9J mounted in the nose.




Variants



Nieuport 12 A.2
Two-seat fighter-reconnaissance biplane, powered by 110 hp (82 kW) Clerget 9Z engine. or 110 hp (82 kW) Le Rhône 9J.
Nieuport 12bis C.2
Revised version with 130 hp (97 kW) Clerget 9B engine and streamlined side fairings.
Nieuport 13
Two prototypes with increased span but same nominal wing area as 12. One powered by a 140 hp (100 kW) Hispano-Suiza 8, and the other by an 80 hp (60 kW) Le Rhône 9C.
Nieuport 20
Version powered by 110 hp (82 kW) Le Rhône 9J. Not used by France, but 21 delivered to Royal Flying Corps. All but first examples externally similar to 12bis.
23 meter Nieuport
Unofficial generic designation for all types listed here based on nominal wing area of 23 square meters.
Nieuport 80 E.2 and 81 E.2
Nieuport 12s were later built in large numbers specifically as training aircraft with the gun ring removed. 8 in designation referred to 80 hp (60 kW) Le Rhône 9C. These differed in having flight controls for just the pilot in the rear seat (81 E.2), or both pilot and passenger (80 E.2).
Nieuport 12 (Beardmore)
Beardmore progressively redesigned the Nieuport 12 during a production run of 50 aircraft so early examples were almost stock but late production examples differed considerably in detail. These were fitted with 110 hp (82 kW) Clerget 9Z and 130 hp (97 kW) Clerget 9B rotaries.
Mitsubishi Army Type 甲 1 (Ko 1) Trainer
Japanese designation for licence built Nieuport 81 E.2s. 57 built.
Trainer Type 1
Siamese designation for Nieuport 80 E.2.
Sipowicz 1
Polish experimental aircraft using lifting struts similar to the Wright-Bellanca WB-2.




Operators



Argentina
Argentine Naval Aviation – One aircraft in 1919
Belgium
Belgian Air Force
Chile
Chilean Air Force – One aircraft only.
France
Aéronautique Militaire
Estonia
Estonian Air Force – Postwar.
Greece
Royal Hellenic Navy
Japan
Imperial Japanese Army Air Service – received 40 Nieuport 81 E.2 from France in 1919, supplemented with 57 licence-built aircraft.
Poland
Polish Air Force
Portugal
Portuguese Air Force
Romania
Romanian Air Corps
Russian Empire
Imperial Russian Air Service
Serbia
Serbian Air Force
Siam
Royal Siamese Aeronautical Service – One aircraft only.
United Kingdom
Royal Flying Corps
No. 45 Squadron RFC
No. 46 Squadron RFC
No. 65 Squadron RFC
No. 84 Squadron RFC
Royal Naval Air Service
No. 7 Squadron RNAS
No. 10 Squadron RNAS
United States
American Expeditionary Force
Soviet Union
Workers' and Peasants' Air Fleet




Survivor


A single ex-French Nieuport 12 is on display following an extensive restoration (including reinstalling the original Le Rhône 9J rotary engine) at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum in Ottawa in the late 1990s. This aircraft was donated to the Canadian Dominion Archives along with a Canon de 75 modèle 1897 cannon and an extensive collection of propaganda posters by the French Government in 1916 and was used for war bond drives until the 1918 flu pandemic resulted in it being placed in storage. In the late 1960s the Royal Canadian Air Force partially converted it into an RFC Beardmore example for display.




Specifications (French-built Nieuport 12 A.2)



Data from Davilla, 1997, p.369General characteristics
Crew: Two (pilot and observer/gunner)
Length: 7.10 m (23 ft 4 in)
Wingspan: 9.00 m (29 ft 6 in) measurements of survivor indicate 9.15 m (30.0 ft)
Height: 2.70 m (8 ft 10 in)
Wing area: 22.00 m2 (236.8 sq ft)
Empty weight: 550 kg (1,213 lb)
Gross weight: 825 kg (1,819 lb)
Fuel capacity: 120 kg
Powerplant: 1 × Clerget 9Z 9 cylinder air-cooled rotary engine, 82 kW (110 hp)
Propellers: 2-bladed 2.50 m (8 ft 2 in) Régy 274 or 2.55 m (8 ft 4 in) Régy 289 or 2.53 m (8 ft 4 in) Eclair 2 wood fixed pitch propeller.
Performance

Maximum speed: 146 km/h (91 mph, 79 kn) at 2,000 m (6,600 ft)
Range: 500 km (310 mi, 270 nmi)
Endurance: 3 hours
Service ceiling: 4,000 m (13,000 ft)
Time to altitude: 14 minutes 15 seconds to 2,000 m (6,600 ft)
Armament

1 × .303 in (7.7 mm) Lewis gun on Etévé gun ring in rear cockpit and occasionally a second one on the upper wing




See also


1915 in aviation
Related development

Nieuport 10

Related lists

List of military aircraft of France
List of aircraft of the Royal Flying Corps
List of aircraft of the Royal Naval Air Service
List of World War I Entente aircraft
List of fighter aircraft
List of military aircraft of the United States (1909–19)




References






= Notes

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= Bibliography

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