• Source: Nso language

Nso (Lamnso, Lamnsɔ’) is the Grassfields language of the Nso people of western Cameroon. A few may remain in Nigeria. It has ten major noun classes. The ISO 639-3 code is lns. Nso is spoken by over 100,000 people.




Phonology






= Consonants

=

Stop sounds /b, t, d, k, ɡ/ may have affricated phonetic variants as [b͡v, t͡s, d͡z~ɖ͡ʐ, k͡f, ɡ͡v] when occurring before /ə/. Sounds /ɣ, m/ may have variants as [ɣ͡v, ᶬv] when in the same position.
Sounds /p/ and /h/ only occur in interjections, ideophones or loanwords.
/p, t, k/ may also have aspirated allophones [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] in word-initial positions.
Prenasal fricative sounds /ᶬf, ⁿs, ᶮʃ/ may also have allophones as prenasal affricate [ᶬp͡f, ⁿt͡s, ᶮt͡ʃ] sounds.
Sounds /d͡ʒ, ʃ, k, ɡ, m, ŋ/ may be labialized as [d͡ʒʷ, ʃʷ, kʷ, ɡʷ, mʷ, ŋʷ] when before a vowel, and occurring only in the first syllable.




= Vowels

=

Vowels are lengthened as /iː, eː, əː, aː, oː, uː/.
Sounds /ɛ, ɔ/ may also be heard as close-mid [e, o] in free variation.
Vowels /i, a, u/ are heard as [ɪ, ɜ, ʊ] when before /ʔ/ or nasal sounds.




Writing System


Nso uses an orthography based on the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages (AGLC). An orthography had initially been created before being modified to follow the recommendations of the AGLC.

Nso uses 23 digraphs ⟨bv, dz, gb, gh, gv, gw, jw, kf, kp, kw, mb, mf, mt, mv, nj, ns, nt, ny, ŋg, ŋk, ŋw, sh, ts⟩ and 7 trigraphs ⟨ghv, mbv, ndz, nsh, ŋgv, ŋgw, shw⟩. Long vowels are indicating by doubling the vowel ⟨aa, ee, əə, ii, oo, uu⟩. Diphthongs are noted ⟨ay, ey, əy, oy, uy, iy⟩.
The high tone is indicated with the acute accent and the low tone with the grave accent on the vowel.




Phrases


Beri wo. Thank you.
Wiykijuŋ. You are welcome.
A sahka? What news? (Greeting).
Sah ka yo dzə. No news (Reply) or M bo sa. I am fine.
Yirannia. Good morning.
A sahka mbuni. How did you sleep?
Aresi nia. Good afternoon.
yi ginia. Good evening.
Buni kijuŋ. Sleep well.
A ber ni kibveshi. Good bye until tomorrow.
Njemse juŋsi. Sweet dreams.
Wuna wosa. And to you.
Nyuy sævi wo. God bless you (Greeting).
Vishi vejuŋvi. Good luck.
Ghan kijuŋ. Safe journey.
Fo mo. Give me.
A du fe? Where are you going?
Yir yee dzə la? What is your name?
Yir yem dzə Lukoŋ. My name is Lukong.
A dzə wan la? Whose child are you?
M dzə wan Lukoŋ. I am Lukong's child.
Fon Nso dze la? Who is the traditional ruler of Nso?
Jiŋ yar mo. I am hungry.
Ki loŋ ki yum mo. I am thirsty.
M koŋ wo. I love you.
Marir mo. Marry me.
A du fee. Where are you going?
Laisin jaiy wom. Forgive me
M ker kibam. I have a bag
Kinga ki te'e. The grass is growing
Tsehti du šo. Shift it further away
Dze la ven . Who is this?
Kikoŋnin ki boŋ. Loving is good




Animal names


baa: leopard
jwi: dog
kan: monkey
kitam: elephant
bvèreh: lion
shishuiy: duiker
bvey: goat
njii: sheep
nyaar: buffalo
buhn: squirrel
yo: serpent
kinchiiy: cricket
taa ngam: spider
ngam: tarantula
kuurra: hyena
ngvev: chicken
kibev: he-goat
kibar: lizard
kiliim: bat




Other nouns


shuy: sun
mindzev: water
ngwa: book
nanar: pineapple
lav: house
kitukelav: roof
nsaalav: floor
shulav: door
ntah: chair
gham: rug
nton: cooking pot
bowl: (typically a small bowl)
bar: cup
nkaa: basket
sum: farm
minkkah: firewood
shishuur: pepper
chinyuu: spoon
mintanin: junction
la' cu: house of worship (church)
kitengteng: vehicle
sang: rice
kitukelav: roof
saav: file
tu': Irish potato
mbulam: sweet potato
kiku': cocoyam
kingom: banana
nyam: meat
mbang: walking stick
yiy: mom (mother)
tar: dad (father)
jemir: sister (relative)
tamir: brother (relative)
feer: relative (A general sense. Example: * M dze feer wo: I am your relative)
Tatakong:Stick insect




Adjectives


lum: hot
rə : cold
Dzer: Heavy.
Sen: Dark.
Fer: White
Shi'ir: Bitter.
Nyom: Sweet
nyaaŋ: Calm




References






Bibliography


Banyee, William (25 November 2015). "Spelling and pronunciation in Lamso". The Nso heritage. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
McGarrity, Laura and Botne, Robert (2001). Between Agreement and Case Marking in Lamnso. IUWPL 3: Explorations in African Linguistics: From Lamnso' to Sesotho (2001), edited by Robert Botne and Rose Vondrasek, pp. 53–70. Bloomington, IN: Noun classes and categorization: Proceedings of a symposium on categorization and noun classification, Eugene, Oregon, October 1983. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins.

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