• Source: Observer effect

Observer effect, observer bias, observation effect, or observation bias may refer to a number of concepts, some of them closely related:




General experimental biases


Hawthorne effect, a form of reactivity in which subjects modify an aspect of their behavior, in response to their knowing that they are being studied
Observer-expectancy effect, a form of reactivity in which a researcher's cognitive bias causes them to unconsciously influence the participants of an experiment
Observer bias, a detection bias in research studies resulting for example from an observer's cognitive biases




Physics


Observer effect (physics), the impact of observing a physical system
Probe effect, the effect on a physical system of adding measurement devices, such as the probes of electronic test equipment




Computing


Heisenbug of computer programming, in which a software bug seems to disappear or alter its behavior when one attempts to study it
Observer effect (information technology), the impact of observing a process while it is running




Other uses


"Observer Effect" (Star Trek: Enterprise), an episode of Star Trek: Enterprise, named after the effect in physics




See also


Bystander effect, the social psychological theory that states that individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim in the presence of other people
Actor–observer asymmetry, a bias one makes when forming attributions about the behavior of others or themselves
Demonstration effect, a effect on the behavior of an individual caused by observation of the actions of others and their consequences
Personal equation, the idea that different observers have different reaction times, which can introduce bias when it comes to measurements and observations
Placebo and nocebo effects, positive and negative effects autosuggested by a patient under an inert substance or treatment
Schrödinger's cat, a thought experiment that illustrates a paradox of quantum superposition, devised by Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger
Uncertainty principle, any of a variety of mathematical inequalities in quantum mechanics, introduced by German physicist Werner Heisenberg

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