- Source: OKO
- Source: Oko
OKO (Russian: ОКО, obsolete Russian word for eye, also an abbreviation for Ob'yedinonnyye Kristallom Osnovaniya (Russian: Oбъединённые Кристаллом Oснования, literal meaning Foundations Bound by a Crystal)) is a complex of two skyscrapers located on plot 16 in the Moscow International Business Center (MIBC) in Moscow, Russia. Occupying a total area of about 250,000 square metres (2,700,000 sq ft), the mixed-use complex houses apartments, office space, a 5-star hotel, and other commodities.
The two skyscrapers, North Tower and South Tower, are among the tallest skyscrapers in Russia, with the latter being the taller of the two. Rising 354.1 m (1,162 ft), the 85-story South Tower, also known as the OKO Apartment Tower or 16a IBC Tower 1, was the tallest building in Russia and Europe when constructed, until it was surpassed by Federation Tower a few months later. The 49-story North Tower, also known as the OKO Office Tower or 16a IBC Tower 2, is 245 m (804 ft) tall and the 11th tallest building in Russia. The complex also has a large car park, rising 12 stories with a height of 44 m (144 ft).
History
Construction of the OKO complex started in 2011.
In the summer of 2014, the South Tower of the OKO complex surpassed the height of the neighboring Mercury City Tower (also in the MIBC) as the tallest building in Russia and Europe, only to be surpassed by the neighboring Vostok/East Tower of the Federation Towers (also in the MIBC) in November 2014, only a few months later. It was also during this period the OKO was the tallest building made of reinforced concrete.
On 28 November 2015, the OKO complex was completed and put into operation.
On 27 July 2016, the Government of Moscow purchased from the owner of OKO, Capital Group, 55,000 m2 of space in one of the towers of the OKO complex at a cost estimated at 14.3 billion rubles.
On 16 December 2016, the tallest skating rink in Europe opened on the roof of the South Tower of the OKO complex at a height of 354 m (1,161 ft).
On 30 July 2023, a drone explosion damaged the OKO-2 and IQ-quarter buildings and broke multiple windows, injuring 1.
Design
= Overview
=The facades of the complex are connected with diagonal folds and are linked by a faceted base, giving a noticeable shard effect that defines the towers' appearance. In addition, the towers' canted folds allow each other to recede from one another as they rise. The complex forms an L-shaped composition at the ground plane that is pulled to perimeter of the site. This placement and the facade folds both allow the building to lean over the nearby Third Ring Road. A landscaped plaza sits at the base of the buildings and creates a sheltered, private garden that guides occupants to separate lobbies, in addition to give public space to pedestrians to rest. The building’s all-glass facade offers several features that benefit its occupants. Ventilated mullions can be opened manually to allow natural air flow into the interior. These mullions also help to mitigate stack effect. These features also allow the complex to give out a dynamic and shifting exterior.
In addition, the 28th and 49th floors of the North Tower and the 7th, 27th, 46th, 65th and 83rd floors of the South Tower have entresol, so it can be counted 51 and 90 floors in those buildings accordingly.
= Features
=The South Tower is used as a residential building and a hotel. The building also has a skating rink on its roof, the tallest in Europe at a height of 354 m (1,161 ft). The North Tower is used as an office. The complex also has a restaurant and a fitness center.
Construction gallery
See also
OKO Tower
Mercury City Tower
Imperia Tower
Eurasia (building)
List of tallest buildings in Russia
References
External links
Official website
Oko (Old Russian: Око, lit. 'Eye') is a Russian (previously Soviet) missile defence early warning programme consisting of satellites in Molniya and geosynchronous orbits. Oko satellites are used to identify launches of ballistic missiles by detection of their engines' exhaust plume in infrared light, and complement other early warning facilities such as Voronezh, Daryal and Dnepr radars. The information provided by these sensors can be used for the A-135 anti-ballistic missile system which defends Moscow. The satellites are run by the Russian Aerospace Forces, and previously the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces and Russian Space Forces. Since November 2015, it is being replaced by the new EKS system.
History
Development of the Oko system began in the early 1970s under the design bureau headed by AI Savin, which became TsNII Kometa. The spacecraft element was designed by NPO Lavochkin. The first satellite was launched in 1972 but it was not until 1978 that the overall system became operational and 1982 before it was placed on combat duty. The system had a major malfunction in 1983 when it mistakenly identified sunlight on high altitude clouds as a missile attack. Stanislav Petrov, on duty at the new control centre in Serpukhov-15, Moscow Oblast, discounted the warning due to the newness of the system and the lack of corroboration from ground-based radar.
The vast majority of the satellites launched (86 out of 100 as of March 2012 ) have been the first generation US-K satellites which operate in molniya orbits. Seven first generation satellites were launched into geosynchronous orbits, called US-KS, starting in 1975. A decree of 3 September 1979 led to the creation of the second generation satellites US-KMO which had their first launch in 1991. In total, 101 satellites have been launched.
The US-K satellites, were launched by Molniya-M launch vehicles with Blok 2BL upper stages from Plesetsk Cosmodrome. The US-KS and US-KMO operate in geosynchronous orbits and were launched by Proton with DM-2 upper stages from Baikonur.
The last US-KMO satellite (Kosmos 2479) was launched on 30 March 2012 and the last US-K satellite (Kosmos 2469) on 30 September 2010. They are due to be replaced by a new system called EKS.
Debris
The first generation Molniya-type orbit Oko satellites launched between 1976 and 1983 were prone to disintegration, resulting in extensive space debris. The reason they broke up was because they each carried an on-board explosive charge that would be used to destroy the satellite in the case of a malfunction. Unfortunately, control of the explosive charge was itself unreliable and it would often explode, rendering the satellite inoperative, while it was still under control. The design was eventually changed, and the explosive charge in Kosmos 1481 was the last to explode early.
Facilities
The system has two dedicated control centres. The western centre is at Serpukhov-15 (Russian: Серпухов-15) near Kurilovo outside Moscow (55°04′06″N 37°02′29″E) and the eastern centre is at Pivan-1 (Russian: Пивань-1) (50°20′57″N 137°11′22″E) in the Russian Far East. The centre at Serpukhov-15 burned down in 2001 which caused the loss of contact with currently orbiting satellites.
See also
Defense Support Program
Space-Based Infrared System
EKS, the new system replacing the entire Oko program.
Notes
References
External links
Novosti Kosmonavtiki.ru: Kosmos 520 in the Lavochkin Museum
Novosti Kosmonavtiki.ru: telescopes
Novosti Kosmonavtiki.ru: infrared telescope
Novosti Kosmonavtiki.ru: antenna
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
- OKO (bangunan)
- Blok 2BL
- Vagabond
- Laokoon
- Kosmos 2479
- Brantas Abipraya
- Kementerian Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia
- Kabupaten Kolaka
- Jerzy Skolimowski
- Daftar kecamatan dan kelurahan di Kabupaten Kolaka
- OKO
- Oko
- Oko-oko
- Morskie Oko
- OKO.press
- Oko (orisha)
- Morské oko
- OKO Group
- Oko language
- Oko (disambiguation)
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