- Source: Operation Downfall order of battle
Operation Downfall was the proposed Allied plan for the invasion of the Japanese home islands near the end of World War II.
The operation had two parts, Operation Olympic, intended to capture the southern third of the southernmost main Japanese island, Kyūshū, and Operation Coronet, the planned invasion of the Kantō Plain, near Tokyo, on the main Japanese island of Honshu. Olympic was scheduled for November 1945, to be followed by Coronet in early 1946.
If Downfall had taken place, it would have been the largest amphibious operation in history, surpassing D-Day. The planned operation was canceled when Japan surrendered following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Soviet declaration of war, and the invasion of Manchuria.
Order of Battle for Olympic
= Allied
=Supreme Commander, Allied Forces Pacific
General Douglas MacArthur
Ground forces
Should these four corps prove insufficient to accomplish the tasks assigned, elements earmarked for Coronet would be used to reinforce Sixth Army at the rate of three divisions per month beginning about 30 days after the initial landings.
Sixth Army
General Walter Krueger
Peripheral landings
40th Infantry "Sunburst" Division (Landing on Yakushima and Koshikijima Islands)
158th Infantry Regiment (Landing on Tanegashima)
I Corps (Landing at Miyazaki)
Major General Innis P. Swift
25th Infantry "Tropic Lightning" Division
33rd Infantry "Illinois" Division
41st Infantry "Sunsetters" Division
V Amphibious Corps (Landing at Kushikino)
Major General Harry Schmidt, USMC
3rd Marine Division (Bougainville, Guam, Iwo Jima)
4th Marine Division (Kwajalein, Saipan/Tinian, Iwo Jima)
5th Marine Division (Iwo Jima)
XI Corps (Landing at Ariake)
Major General Charles P. Hall
1st Cavalry Division
Americal Division
43rd Infantry "Winged Victory" Division
IX Corps (Reserve afloat)
Major General Charles W. Ryder
81st Infantry "Wildcat" Division
98th Infantry "Iroquois" Division
Follow-up units:
11th Airborne Division
77th Infantry Division
Naval forces
Third Fleet
Admiral William F. Halsey
20 fleet and light aircraft carriers
9 battleships
26 cruisers
75 destroyers
incl. British Pacific Fleet
6 fleet and light carriers
Fifth Fleet
Admiral Raymond A. Spruance
36 escort carriers
11 battleships
26 cruisers
387 destroyers and destroyer escorts
394 AKA, AP, APA, APD, APH
977 LSD, LSM, LST, and LSV
Seventh Fleet
Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaid
Air forces
Far East Air Forces
General George C. Kenney (119,000 men) – 14 bomber groups, 10 fighter groups
Fifth Air Force
Seventh Air Force
Thirteenth Air Force
United States Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific
General Carl A. Spaatz
Major General Curtis E. LeMay
Twentieth Air Force (Lt. Gen. Nathan Twining) (77,000 men)
1,000 B-29 Superfortresses
Eighth Air Force (Lt. Gen. Jimmy Doolittle)
Commonwealth forces
Tiger Force (detached from RAF Bomber Command):
480–580 Avro Lancaster bombers (about half to be used as tankers for in-flight refuelling)
Australian First Tactical Air Force
20 fighter/attack squadrons from the Royal Australian Air Force
= Japan
=Ground forces
Second General Army
Field Marshal Shunroku Hata
Sixteenth Area Army
Lieut. General Yokoyama Isamu (600,000 men)
Northern Kyūshū — 56th Army
Lieut. General Ichiro Shichida (365,000)
145th Division
312th Division
351st Division
124th Independent Mixed Brigade
57th Division (20,000 men)
4th Tank Brigade
Southeastern Kyūshū — 57th Army
Lieut. General Nishihara Kanji (150,000 men)
Tanegashima—109th Independent Mixed Brigade (5,900 men)
Miyazaki—154th Division, 156th Division, 212th Division (55,000 men)
Ariake—86th Division, 98th Independent Mixed Brigade, 1 regiment, 3 infantry battalions (29,000 men)
25th Division, 5th Tank Brigade, 6th Tank Brigade
Southwestern Kyūshū — 40th Army
Lieut. General Nakazawa Mitsuo (85,000 men)
303rd Division (12,000 men) (Sendai)
206th Division (Fukiage)
146th Division, 125th Independent Mixed Brigade (S. Satsuma Peninsula)
77th Division 1 tank regiment
216th Division 4 brigades
Air forces
Air General Army
General Masakazu Kawabe
Sixth Air Army — Kyūshū
5,000 aircraft assigned as kamikazes, 5,000 aircraft available for kamikaze service, 7,000 aircraft in need of repair
100 Koryu-class midget submarines, 250 Kairyu-class midget submarines, 1,000 Kaiten manned torpedoes, 800 Shinyo suicide boats
Order of Battle for Coronet
= Allied
=Ground forces
First Army
General Courtney H. Hodges
III Amphibious Corps
1st Marine Division (Guadalcanal, Peleliu, Okinawa)
2nd Marine Division (Tarawa, Saipan, Okinawa)
6th Marine Division (Okinawa)
XXIV Corps
7th Infantry "Bayonet" Division
27th Infantry "New York" Division
96th Infantry "Columbia" Division
Eighth Army
Lieut. General Robert L. Eichelberger
X Corps
24th Infantry "Taro" Division
31st Infantry "Dixie" Division
37th Infantry "Buckeye" Division
XIV Corps
6th Infantry "Red Star" Division
32nd Infantry "Red Arrow" Division
38th Infantry "Cyclone" Division
XIII Corps (Reserve afloat)
13th Armored Division
20th Armored Division
United States Army Forces Pacific reserve
97th Infantry "Trident" Division
Thirty days after the initial assault, each army would be reinforced by a corps of 3 divisions. Five days later an airborne division and a United States Army Forces Pacific Reserve Corps of 3 divisions would be made available. Strategic reserve for the entire operation would consist of a corps of 3 divisions located in the Philippines and divisions from the United States to permit reinforcement at the rate of 4 per month.
Unsourced listing of the aforementioned reinforcements
For First Army
Unnamed follow-on corps
5th Infantry Division
44th Infantry Division
86th Infantry Division
For Eighth Army
Unnamed follow-on corps
4th Infantry Division
8th Infantry Division
87th Infantry Division
United States Army Forces Pacific reserve
11th Airborne Division
Unnamed follow-on corps
2nd Infantry Division
28th Infantry Division
35th Infantry Division
Strategic reserve
91st Infantry Division
95th Infantry Division
104th Infantry Division
British Commonwealth Ground Forces
Commonwealth Corps (Lt. Gen. Charles Keightley)
3rd Infantry Division (United Kingdom)
6th Infantry Division (Canada)
10th Infantry Division (Australia)
= Japan
=All Japanese formations on Honshu were badly understrength and lacking in equipment. The American First Army's landings would likely have been opposed by the Japanese 52nd Army and the Eighth Army's landings by the Japanese 53rd Army.
First General Army
Field Marshal Hajime Sugiyama
Twelfth Area Army
General Shizuichi Tanaka
36th Army – Urawa, Saitama
81st Division
93rd Division
201st Division
202nd Division
206th Division
214th Division
1st Tank Division
4th Tank Division
51st Army – Tsuchiura, Ibaraki
44th Division – Ogawa
151st Division – Mito
221st Division – Kashima
115th Independent Mixed Brigade – Shibasaki
116th Independent Mixed Brigade – Hokota
7th Independent Armored Brigade – Ogawa
52nd Army – Sakura, Chiba
3rd Imperial Guards Division – Naruto
147th Division – Mobara
152nd Division – Choshi
234th Division – Sōsa
3rd Independent Armored Brigade
8th Artillery Headquarters
53rd Army – Isehara, Kanagawa
84th Division – Odarawa
140th Division – Kamakura
316th Division – Isehara
117th Independent Mixed Brigade – Numazu
2nd Independent Armored Brigade – Tsudanuma
11th Artillery Headquarters – Hiratsuka
Tokyo Bay Garrison – Choshi, Chiba
321st Division – Tokyoa
Notes
References
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