• Source: Oral administration

Oral administration is a route of administration whereby a substance is taken through the mouth, swallowed, and then processed via the digestive system. This is a common route of administration for many medications.
Oral administration can be easier and less painful than other routes of administration, such as injection. However, the onset of action is relatively low, and the effectiveness is reduced if it is not absorbed properly in the digestive system, or if it is broken down by digestive enzymes before it can reach the bloodstream. Some medications may cause gastrointestinal side effects, such as nausea or vomiting, when taken orally. Oral administration can also only be applied to conscious patients, and patients able to swallow.




Terminology


Per os (; P.O.) is an adverbial phrase meaning literally from Latin "through the mouth" or "by mouth". The expression is used in medicine to describe a treatment that is taken orally (but not used in the mouth such as, for example, caries prophylaxis). The abbreviation P.O. is often used on medical prescriptions.




Scope


Enteral administration includes:

Buccal, dissolved inside the cheek
Sublabial, dissolved under the lip
Sublingual administration (SL), dissolved under the tongue, but due to rapid absorption many consider SL a parenteral route
Oral (PO), swallowed tablet, capsule or liquid
Enteral medications come in various forms, including oral solid dosage (OSD) forms:

Tablets to swallow, chew or dissolve in water or under the tongue
Capsules and chewable capsules (with a coating that dissolves in the stomach or bowel to release the medication there)
Time-release or sustained-release tablets and capsules (which release the medication gradually)
Powders or granules
and oral liquid dosage forms:

Teas
Drops
Liquid medications or syrups




Facilitating methods


Concomitant ingestion of water facilitates in swallowing tablets and capsules. If the substance has disagreeable taste, addition of a flavor may facilitate ingestion. Substances that are harmful to the teeth are preferably given through a straw.




See also


Nothing by mouth
List of abbreviations used in medical prescriptions
List of Latin phrases
Medical prescription
Thin-film drug delivery




References

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Oral (rute pemberian obat)
• Setirizin
• Works Progress Administration
• Dekstrometorfan
• Klonidin
• American Relief Administration
• Kalsium laktat
• Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan
• Itrakonazol
• Estradiol
• Oral administration
• Route of administration
• Oral
• Sublingual administration
• Enteral administration
• Rectal administration
• Buccal administration
• Propylene glycol
• Meloxicam
• Pharmacokinetics of estradiol