• Source: Outline of ethics

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to ethics.
Ethics (also known as moral philosophy) is the branch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct. The field of ethics, along with aesthetics, concern matters of value, and thus comprise the branch of philosophy called axiology.




Branches


The following examples of questions that might be considered in each field illustrate the differences between the fields:

Descriptive ethics: What do people think is right?
Normative ethics (prescriptive): How should people act?
Applied ethics: How do we take moral knowledge and put it into practice?
Metaethics: What does "right" even mean?




= Applied ethics

=
Applied ethics – using philosophical methods, attempts to identify the morally correct course of action in various fields of human life.

Economics and business
Business ethics – concerns questions such as the limits on managers in the pursuit of profit, or the duty of 'whistleblowers' to the general public as opposed to their employers.
Development ethics (economic development)
Ethics in management
Ethics in pharmaceutical sales
Lifeboat ethics (economic metaphor)
Bioethics – concerned with identifying the correct approach to matters such as euthanasia, or the allocation of scarce health resources, or the use of human embryos in research.
Ethics of cloning
Veterinary ethics
Neuroethics – ethics in neuroscience, but also the neuroscience of ethics
Utilitarian bioethics
Organizational ethics – ethics among organizations.
Professional ethics
Accounting ethics – study of moral values and judgments as they apply to accountancy.
Archaeological ethics
Computer ethics – deals with how computing professionals should make decisions regarding professional and social conduct.
Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics
Engineering ethics
Journalism ethics and standards
Research ethics
Internet research ethics
Legal ethics
Marketing ethics
Media ethics
Medical ethics (aka clinical ethics)
Evidence-based medical ethics
Military medical ethics
Nursing ethics
Ethics of technology
Technoethics – the ethics of technology in society
Ethics of terraforming
Cyberethics
Ethics of artificial intelligence
Machine ethics – the moral behavior of artificial moral agents
Roboethics – the moral behavior of humans as they design, construct, use and treat artificially intelligent beings
Internet ethics
Information ethics
Social ethics – ethics among nations and as one global unit.
Population ethics
Sexual ethics
Bridge ethics – codes of ethics applied during play of the card game known as contract bridge.
Environmental ethics – concerned with issues such as the duties of humans towards landscapes and species.
Animal rights (also known as animal liberation) – the idea that the most basic interests of non-human animals should be afforded the same consideration as the similar interests of human beings.
Climate ethics – concerned with the ethical dimensions of climate change, and concepts such as climate justice.
Environmental virtue ethics
Trail ethics
Ethics of eating meat
Public sector ethics
Government ethics
Ethics in public administration
International ethics – in international relations
Regulatory ethics




= Metaethics

=
Metaethics or moral epistemology – concerns the nature of moral statements, that is, it studies what ethical terms and theories actually refer to.
Moral syncretism – the attempt to reconcile disparate or contradictory moral beliefs, often while melding the ethical
practices of various schools of thought.

Moral relativism and relativism
Fallibilism – the philosophical principle that human beings could be wrong about their beliefs, expectations, or their understanding of the world
Moral skepticism – a class of metaethical theories all members of which entail that no one has any moral knowledge
Particularism
Rationalism
Conventionalism
Axiology
Formal ethics
Rationality
Discourse ethics – discovering ethical values through argument
Ethics of justice
Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development
Evolutionary ethics
Neuroethics – ethics in neuroscience, but also the neuroscience of ethics
Situated ethics – a view of applied ethics in which abstract standards from a culture or theory are considered to be far less important than the ongoing processes in which one is personally and physically involved
Philosophical realism
Naturalism



Cognitivism

Cognitivism

Moral realism
Ethical naturalism
Ethical non-naturalism
Moral anti-realism
Ethical subjectivism
Moral nihilism – the metaethical view that nothing is intrinsically moral or immoral (see also nihilism)



Non-cognitivism

Non-cognitivism

Emotivism
Universal prescriptivism
Quasi-realism




= Normative ethics

=
Normative ethics – concerns what people should believe to be right and wrong.

Consequentialism – moral theories that hold that the consequences of one's conduct are the true basis for any judgement about the morality of that conduct. Thus, a morally right act (or omission) is one that will produce a good outcome (the end justifies the means).
Utilitarianism
Negative utilitarianism
Ethical hedonism
Ethical altruism – an ethical doctrine that holds that individuals have a moral obligation to help, serve, or benefit others, if necessary at the sacrifice of self-interest
Ethical egoism – the normative ethical position that moral agents ought to do what is in their own self-interest
Deontological ethics – approach that judges the morality of an action based on the action's adherence to a rule or rules.
Moral absolutism – view that certain actions are absolutely right or wrong, regardless of their circumstances such as their consequences or the intentions behind them. Thus stealing, for instance, might be considered to be always immoral, even if done to promote some other good (e.g., stealing food to feed a starving family), and even if it does in the end promote such a good.
Graded absolutism
Kantian ethics
Pragmatic ethics
Virtue ethics – describes the character of a moral agent as a driving force for ethical behavior.
Aristotelian ethics – the beginning of ethics as a subject, in the form of a systematic study of how individuals should best live. Aristotle believed one's goal should be living well and "eudaimonia", a Greek word often translated as "well-being" or "happiness". This could be achieved by the acquisition of a virtuous character, or in other words having well-chosen excellent habits.
Nicomachean Ethics – most popular ethics treatise by Aristotle
Eudemian Ethics
Magna Moralia
Eudaimonism – system of ethics that measures happiness in relation to morality.
Ethics of care – a normative ethical theory
Living Ethics
Religious ethics
Divine command theory – claims that ethical sentences express the attitudes of God. Thus, the sentence "charity is good" means "God commands charity".
Ethics in the Bible
Ayyavazhi ethics
Buddhist ethics
Buddhist ethics (discipline)
Christian ethics
Situational ethics, a Christian ethical theory
Islamic ethics
Islamic bioethics
Jain ethics
Jewish ethics
Jewish business ethics
Jewish medical ethics
Religious values
Playing God (ethics)
Spalding Professor of Eastern Religion and Ethics
Ethics and religious culture – a course taught in all elementary and high schools in Quebec
Religious views on business ethics
Scientology ethics and justice
Ethics of circumcision
Secular ethics
Biocentrism – an ethical point of view which extends inherent value to non-human species,[1] ecosystems, and processes in nature
Rights ethics (thought in the American and French Revolutions)
Feminist ethics




= Descriptive ethics

=
Descriptive ethics
Moral psychology




= Related areas

=
Value theory
Philosophy of economics
Political philosophy
Philosophy of law
Deontic logic
Religious ethics
Action theory
Practical reasoning
Morality
Moral character
Visual ethics
Ethics of belief




History



History of ethics in Ancient Greece
History of business ethics
History of animal rights
History of animal testing
History of medical ethics
History of computer ethics
Contemporary ethics




Concepts






= Single principles

=
Autonomy
Egalitarianism
Golden Rule
Categorical imperative
Universalisability
Kingdom of Ends
Harm principle
Non-aggression principle
Liberty
Positive liberty
Negative liberty




= Rights and legal concepts

=

Consent
Human rights
Just War
Justice
Natural and legal rights
Political freedom
Rights
Rule according to higher law




= Guidelines and basic concepts

=
Good and evil
Good
Evil
Commensurability (ethics)
Ideal (ethics)
Moral agency
Moral patienthood
Moral responsibility
Norm (philosophy)
Principle
Self-interest
Sin
Taboo
Universal code (ethics)
Value (ethics)
Extrinsic value or instrumental value
Intrinsic value (animal ethics)
Intrinsic value (ethics)
Vice
Virtue




= Human experience

=
Conscience
Free will
Guilt (emotion)
Happiness
Love
Moral emotions
Shame
Suffering




= Practical ethics

=
Dual loyalty (ethics)
Evasion (ethics)
Trust (social sciences)




Law


List of ECHR cases concerning legal ethics
Enron Code of Ethics
Ethics in Government Act
Medical Code of Ethics
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
UN Principles of Medical Ethics




Government agencies


Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Access to Information, Privacy and Ethics
Commission on Federal Ethics Law Reform
Committee on Publication Ethics
District of Columbia Board of Elections and Ethics
Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission
Ethics Commission
Ethics Commissioner (Canada)
Ethics Committee (European Union)
Ethics committee (disambiguation)
Federal Ethics Committee on Non-Human Biotechnology
International Bioethics Committee
International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants
Jeffersonville Ethics Commission
Nevada Commission on Ethics
Office of Congressional Ethics
Oklahoma Ethics Commission
Pennsylvania State Ethics Commission
San Francisco Ethics Commission
Texas Ethics Commission
The President's Council on Bioethics
Toi Te Taiao: The Bioethics Council – New Zealand council on bioethnics, 2002-9
United States House Committee on Ethics
United States Office of Government Ethics
United States Senate Select Committee on Ethics




Awards


Nobel Peace Prize
Payne Award for Ethics in Journalism




Organizations


Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs
Center for Ethics at Yeshiva University
Center for Religion, Ethics and Social Policy
Center for bioethics and medical humanities
Centre for Applied Ethics
Centre for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics
Centre for Human Bioethics
Centre for Values, Ethics and the Law in Medicine
Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington
Cumberland School of Law's Center for Biotechnology, Law, and Ethics
Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists
Ethics Resource Center
Ethics and Democracy Network
Ethics and Excellence in Journalism Foundation
Ethics and Public Policy Center
Feminist Approaches to Bioethics
Foundation for Thought and Ethics
Institute for Business and Professional Ethics
Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies
Institute for Global Ethics
Institute for Science, Ethics and Innovation
Institute of Business Ethics
International Neuroethics Society
International Society for Environmental Ethics
Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics
Kenan Institute for Ethics
Kennedy Institute of Ethics
Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal
Kirby Laing Institute for Christian Ethics
Maguire Center for Ethics
Markkula Center for Applied Ethics
National Catholic Bioethics Center
National Core for Neuroethics
National Tribunal of Journalistic Ethics
Nihon Ethics of Video Association
Nuffield Council on Bioethics
School for Ethics and Global Leadership
Society for Business Ethics
Society of Jewish Ethics
St James Ethics Centre
Standard Ethics Aei – sustainability rating agency based in Brussels
The Soderquist Center for Leadership and Ethics




Persons influential in the field of ethics



Confucius (551–479 BCE)
Socrates (469–399 BCE)
Plato (424/423–348/347 BCE)
Aristippus (c. 435–356 BCE)
Aristotle (384–322 BCE)
Mencius (c. 372–289 BCE)
Epicurus (341–270 BCE)
Jesus (7–2 BCE – 30–36 CE)
Epictetus (55–135 CE)
Augustine of Hippo (354–430)
Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274)
Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677)
David Hume (1711–1776)
Immanuel Kant (1724–1804)
Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832)
Georg W. F. Hegel (1770–1831)
Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860)
John Stuart Mill (1806–1873)
Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855)
Henry Sidgwick (1838–1900)
William James (1842–1910)
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900)
John Dewey (1859–1952)
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (1869–1948)
G. E. Moore (1873–1958)
Paul Tillich (1886–1965)
Karl Barth (1886–1968)
J. L. Mackie (1917–1981)
G.E.M. Anscombe (1919–2001)
R. M. Hare (1919-2002)
Philippa Foot (1920–2010)
John Rawls (1921–2002)
Bernard Williams (1929–2003)
Alasdair MacIntyre (born 1929)
Thomas Nagel (born 1937)
Derek Parfit (1942-2017)
Peter Singer (born 1946)
Jonathan Dancy (born 1946)




Events


Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA
Ethics Bowl
Foucault–Habermas debate concerning power within society




Publications


Ethics in America – television series, 1988–89
Lindner Ethics Complaint of the 83rd Minnesota Legislative Session




= Books

=
Nicomachean Ethics – most popular ethics treatise by Aristotle
Eudemian Ethics
Magna Moralia
Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics
Encyclopedia of Ethics
Ethics, Institutions, and the Right to Philosophy
Ethics (book)
Life sciences, ethics and democracy
How to Observe Morals and Manners
The Ethics of Ambiguity
The Ethics of Liberty
The Methods of Ethics
Principia Ethica
The Right and the Good
Rationality and Power: Democracy in Practice
Practical Ethics




= Journals

=
American Journal of Bioethics
Bioethics
Business Ethics Quarterly
Business and Professional Ethics Journal
Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics
Environmental Ethics
Ethics & International Affairs
Ethics (journal)
Ethics and Language
Experiments in Ethics
IRB: Ethics & Human Research
Journal of Business Ethics
Journal of Business Ethics Education
Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics
Journal of Ethics & Social Philosophy
Journal of Information Ethics
Journal of Medical Ethics
Legal Trends in Bioethics
Narrative Inquiry in Bioethics
Neuroethics
Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy
Professional Ethics
Religion & Ethics Newsweekly
Teaching Ethics
The Economics and Ethics of Private Property
The Freedom Paradox: Towards a Post-Secular Ethics
The Journal of Ethics




See also


Index of ethics articles
Outline of philosophy
Resources for clinical ethics consultation – index article




References






External links



Ethics, 2d ed., 1973. by William Frankena
Ethics Bites Open University podcast series podcast exploring ethical dilemmas in everyday life.
University of San Diego – Ethics glossary Useful terms in ethics discussions
National Reference Center for Bioethics Literature World's largest library for ethical issues in medicine and biomedical research
The Philosophy of Ethics on Philosophy Archive

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