• Source: Outline of knowledge

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to knowledge:
Knowledge – familiarity with someone or something, which can include facts, information, descriptions, and/or skills acquired through experience or education. It can refer to the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject. It can be implicit (as with practical skill or expertise) or explicit (as with the theoretical understanding of a subject); and it can be more or less formal or systematic.




Types of knowledge






= By form

=
A priori and a posteriori knowledge – these terms are used with respect to reasoning (epistemology) to distinguish necessary conclusions from first premises.
A priori knowledge or justification – knowledge that is independent of experience, as with mathematics, tautologies ("All bachelors are unmarried"), and deduction from pure reason (e.g., ontological proofs).
A posteriori knowledge or justification – knowledge dependent on experience or empirical evidence, as with most aspects of science and personal knowledge.
Descriptive knowledge – also called declarative knowledge or propositional knowledge, it is the type of knowledge that is, by its very nature, expressed in declarative sentences or indicative propositions (e.g., "Capybaras are rodents", or "It is raining"). This is distinguished from what is commonly known as "know-how" or procedural knowledge (the knowledge of how, and especially how best, to perform some task), and "knowing of", or knowledge by acquaintance (the knowledge of something's existence).
Experience – knowledge or mastery of an event or subject gained through involvement in or exposure to it.
Empirical evidence – also referred to as empirical data, empirical knowledge, and sense experience, it is a collective term for the knowledge or source of knowledge acquired by means of the senses, particularly by observation and experimentation. After Immanuel Kant, it is common in philosophy to call the knowledge thus gained a posteriori knowledge. This is contrasted with a priori knowledge, the knowledge accessible from pure reason alone.
Experiential knowledge – knowledge gained through experience.
Explicit knowledge – knowledge that can be readily articulated, codified, accessed and verbalized. It can be easily transmitted to others. Most forms of explicit knowledge can be stored in certain media. The information contained in encyclopedias and textbooks are good examples of explicit knowledge.
Extelligence – term coined by Ian Stewart and Jack Cohen in their 1997 book Figments of Reality. They define it as the cultural capital that is available to us in the form of external media (e.g., tribal legends, folklore, nursery rhymes, books, videotapes, CD-ROMs, etc.).
Knowledge by acquaintance – according to Bertrand Russell, knowledge by acquaintance is obtained through a direct causal (experience-based) interaction between a person and the object that person is perceiving. Sense-data from that object are the only things that people can ever become acquainted with; they can never truly KNOW the physical object itself. The distinction between "knowledge by acquaintance" and "knowledge by description" was promoted by Russell (notably in his 1905 paper On Denoting). Russell was extremely critical of the equivocal nature of the word "know", and believed that the equivocation arose from a failure to distinguish between the two fundamentally different types of knowledge.
Libre knowledge – knowledge released in such a way that users are free to read, listen to, watch, or otherwise experience it; to learn from or with it; to copy, adapt and use it for any purpose; and to share the work (unchanged or modified). Whilst shared tacit knowledge is regarded as implicitly libre, (explicit) libre knowledge is defined as a generalisation of the libre software definition.
Procedural knowledge – also known as imperative knowledge, it is the knowledge exercised in the performance of some task. Commonly referred to as "knowing-how" and opposed to "knowing-that" (descriptive knowledge).
Tacit knowledge – kind of knowledge that is difficult to transfer to another person by means of writing it down or verbalizing it. For example, that London is in the United Kingdom is a piece of explicit knowledge that can be written down, transmitted, and understood by a recipient. However, the ability to speak a language, knead dough, play a musical instrument or design and use complex equipment requires all sorts of knowledge that is not always known explicitly, even by expert practitioners, and which is difficult or impossible to explicitly transfer to other users.




= By scope

=
Common knowledge – knowledge that is known by everyone or nearly everyone, usually with reference to the community in which the term is used.
Customer knowledge – knowledge for, about, or from customers.
Domain knowledge – valid knowledge used to refer to an area of human endeavour, an autonomous computer activity, or other specialized discipline.
Foundational knowledge – the knowledge necessary for understanding or usefully applying further knowledge in a field.
General knowledge – information that has been accumulated over time through various mediums. This definition excludes highly specialized learning that can only be obtained with extensive training and information confined to a single medium. General knowledge is an important component of crystallized intelligence and is strongly associated with general intelligence, and with openness to experience.
Metaknowledge – knowledge about knowledge. Bibliographies are a form of metaknowledge. Patterns within scientific literature is another.
Mutual knowledge – Information known by all participatory agents
Self-knowledge – information that an individual draws upon when finding an answer to the question "What am I like?".
Traditional knowledge – knowledge systems embedded in the cultural traditions of regional, indigenous, or local communities. Traditional knowledge includes types of knowledge about traditional technologies of subsistence (e.g. tools and techniques for hunting or agriculture), midwifery, ethnobotany and ecological knowledge, traditional medicine, celestial navigation, ethnoastronomy, the climate, and others. These kinds of knowledge, crucial for subsistence and survival, are generally based on accumulations of empirical observation and on interaction with the environment.
Traditional ecological knowledge




Structure of knowledge


Taxonomies

Types of subject taxonomies
Document classification
Library classification
Taxonomy for search engines
Specific taxonomies of knowledge
Figurative System of Human Knowledge
Propædia – first of three parts of the 15th edition of Encyclopædia Britannica, presenting its Outline of Knowledge.
Tree of Knowledge System




Types of bodies of recorded knowledge


Academic disciplines – branch of knowledge that is taught and researched as part of higher education. A scholar's discipline is commonly defined and recognized by the university faculties and learned societies to which he or she belongs and the academic journals in which he or she publishes research. However, no formal criteria exist for defining an academic discipline.
Body of knowledge (BOK) – specialized term in knowledge representation meaning the set of concepts, terms and activities that make up a professional domain, as defined by the relevant learned society or professional association.
Curriculi – plural of curriculum, which means the totality of student experiments that occur in the educational process. The term often refers specifically to a planned sequence of instruction, or to a view of planned student's experiences in terms of the educator's or school's instructional goals. Curricula may be tightly standardized, or may include a high level of instructor or learner autonomy. Many countries have national curricula in primary and secondary education, such as the United Kingdom's National Curriculum.
Encyclopedias – type of reference work or compendium holding a comprehensive summary of information from either all branches of knowledge or a particular branch of knowledge. Encyclopedias are divided into articles or entries, which are usually accessed alphabetically by article name. Encyclopedia entries are longer and more detailed than those in most dictionaries. Generally speaking, unlike dictionary entries, which focus on linguistic information about words, encyclopedia articles focus on factual information concerning the subject for which the article is named.
Knowledge base
Personal knowledge base
Knowledge commons
Libraries – a library is a collection of sources of information and similar resources, made accessible to a defined community for reference or borrowing. It provides physical or digital access to material, and may be a physical building or room, or a virtual space, or both. A library's collection can include books, periodicals, newspapers, manuscripts, films, maps, prints, documents, microform, CDs, cassettes, videotapes, DVDs, Blu-ray Discs, e-books, audiobooks, databases, and other formats. Libraries range in size from a few shelves of books to several million items.




Specific bodies of recorded knowledge, by type


Specific BOKs (bodies of knowledge, in the context of the knowledge representation field)
Canadian IT Body of Knowledge
Civil Engineering Body of Knowledge
Common Body of Knowledge
Enterprise Architecture Body of Knowledge
Geographic Information Science and Technology Body of Knowledge
Project Management Body of Knowledge
Software Engineering Body of Knowledge
Data Management Body of Knowledge
Specific encyclopedias
Bibliography of encyclopedias
List of encyclopedias by branch of knowledge
List of encyclopedias by language
List of historical encyclopedias
List of online encyclopedias
Wikipedia – largest encyclopedia in the world. It is a free, web-based, collaborative, multilingual encyclopedia project supported by the non-profit Wikimedia Foundation. Its more than 20 million articles (over 6.89 million in English) have been written collaboratively by volunteers around the world. Almost all of its articles can be edited by anyone with access to the site, and it has about 100,000 regularly active contributors.
Specific knowledge bases
Knowledge Vault – knowledge base created by Google. As of 2014, it contained 1.6 billion facts which had been collated automatically from the Internet.




Epistemology (philosophy of knowledge)


Epistemology – philosophy of knowledge. It is the study of knowledge and justified belief. It questions what knowledge is and how it can be acquired, and the extent to which knowledge pertinent to any given subject or entity can be acquired. Much of the debate in this field has focused on the philosophical analysis of the nature of knowledge and how it relates to connected notions such as truth, belief, and justification.

DIKW pyramid – theoretical model of the relationship between data, information, knowledge, and wisdom
Knowledge neglect – failure to apply knowledge
Theory of knowledge (IB course) – a course related to epistemology




Management of knowledge


Knowledge management

Chief knowledge officer
Knowledge balance sheet
Knowledge ecosystem
Knowledge mobilization
Knowledge organization (effort)
Knowledge organization system
Knowledge organization (company or agency)
Knowledge transfer
Knowledge worker




= Obtaining knowledge

=
Methods of obtaining knowledge

Exploration
Space exploration
Revelation
Research
Scientific method
Experimentation
Learning
Autodidactism – self-education; act of self-directed learning about a subject or subjects in which one has had little to no formal education.
Reading
Studying
Knowledge building
Knowledge building communities




= Knowledge storage

=
Knowledge can be stored in:

Books
Knowledge bases
Ontology – formal naming and definition of the types, properties, and interrelationships of the entities that really or fundamentally exist for a particular domain of discourse.
Commonsense knowledge base – database containing all the general knowledge that most people possess, represented in a way that it is available to artificial intelligence programs that use natural language or make inferences about the ordinary world.
Knowledge graph – another name for ontology
Knowledge representation (AI)
Body of knowledge (BOK) – complete set of concepts, terms and activities that make up a professional domain, as defined by the relevant learned society or professional association
Libraries
Memory




= Knowledge retrieval

=
Knowledge retrieval – Stored knowledge can be retrieved by:

Knowledge engine
WolframAlpha – computational knowledge engine or answer engine developed by Wolfram Research
Knowledge Engine (Wikimedia Foundation) – search engine project by the Wikimedia Foundation
Google Search – powered by:
Google Knowledge Graph – knowledge base used by Google to enhance its search engine's search results with semantic search information gathered from a wide variety of sources
Knowledge discovery
Reading




= Imparting knowledge

=
Communication – purposeful activity of information exchange between two or more participants in order to convey or receive the intended meanings through a shared system of signs and semiotic rules. The basic steps of communication are the forming of communicative intent, message composition, message encoding, transmission of signal, reception of signal, message decoding and interpretation of the message by the recipient. Examples of methods of communication used to impart knowledge include: Writing and Publishing.
Education – process of facilitating learning.
Educational methods:
Storytelling
Discussion
Teaching
Training
Directed research
Knowledge sharing – activity through which knowledge (namely, information, skills, or expertise) is exchanged among people, friends, families, communities (Wikipedia), or organizations.
Knowledge café
Knowledge transfer
Knowledge translation




History of the knowledge of humanity


Historiography
History of exploration
History of space exploration
History of invention
History of libraries
History of philosophy
History of science
Knowledge deities
Taxes on knowledge




Knowledge and society






= Economics of knowledge

=
Intellectual capital
Knowledge broker
Knowledge Economic Index
Knowledge economy
Knowledge gap hypothesis
Knowledge market
Knowledge services
Knowledge spillover
Knowledge value
Monopolies of knowledge




= Politics of knowledge

=
Access to Knowledge movement
Knowledge assessment methodology
Knowledge society
Local knowledge problem
Open access
Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities
Scientia potentia est – Latin for "knowledge is power".
The Cost of Knowledge protest
World Brain




= Sociology of knowledge

=
Sociology of knowledge

Knowledge community
Knowledge space




Knowledge technology


Knowledge-based systems
Knowledge acquisition
Knowledge base
Knowledge engineering
Knowledge engineer
Knowledge extraction
Knowledge level
Knowledge level modeling
Knowledge modeling
Knowledge management (see above)




Knowledge of humanity



The world's knowledge (knowledge possessed by human civilization):

Science
Formal Sciences
Logic
Mathematics
Computer science (is also Technology)
Natural Sciences
Physics
Astronomy
Chemistry
Earth Sciences
Biology
Engineering / Technology
Aerospace engineering
Biotechnology / Biological engineering
Biomedical engineering
Chemical engineering
Civil engineering
Computer science (Formal Science) / Computer engineering
Electrical engineering
Electronics engineering
Environmental engineering
Industrial engineering
Marine engineering / Naval architecture
Materials science and engineering
Mechanical engineering
Nuclear science and engineering
Healthcare sciences
Medicine and surgery
Dentistry and oral health
Veterinary medicine / Veterinary surgery
Social sciences
Psychology
Linguistics / Language
Sociology
Anthropology
Geography (Physical geography)
Economics
Trade
Education
Political science
Law
Jurisprudence
Humanities and arts
Classics
Literature
Performing arts
Theatre
Dance
Music
Visual arts
Painting
Religion
History
Philosophy




Organizations


Institute of Knowledge Transfer
International Society for Knowledge Organization
Open Knowledge International




Publications






= Books

=
A Guide for the Perplexed by E. F. Schumacher (critique of materialist scientism and an exploration of the nature and organization of knowledge).
Knowledge and Its Limits
Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits by Bertrand Russell, a founder of analytic philosophy.




= Journals

=
Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management
Journal of Information & Knowledge Management
Journal of Information Science
Journal of Knowledge Management
Journal of Knowledge Management Practice
Journal of Web Semantics
Knowledge Management Research & Practice




See also






References






External links



Diagrams of knowledge from throughout society and history
Outline of knowledge at PhilPapers
"Knowledge". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). "The Value of Knowledge". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). "The Analysis of Knowledge". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). "Knowledge by Acquaintance vs. Description". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Outline of knowledge at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Kekerasan
• Anarkisme epistemologis
• Zu Xin
• Xiao Xin
• Da Ding dari Shang
• Tai Geng
• Wo Jia
• Nan Geng
• Reproduksi hewan
• Ordo salutis
• Outline of knowledge
• Propædia
• Outline (list)
• Knowledge
• Encyclopædia Britannica
• An Outline of Modern Knowledge
• Encyclopedia
• Outline of academic disciplines
• Outliner
• Outline of scientific method