• Source: Outline of Middle-earth

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the real-world history and notable fictional elements of J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy universe. It covers materials created by Tolkien; the works on his unpublished manuscripts, by his son Christopher Tolkien; and films, games and other media created by other people.
Middle-earth – fantasy setting created by Tolkien, home to hobbits, orcs, ents, dragons, and many other races and creatures.




Primary sources






= Authors

=
J. R. R. Tolkien
Christopher Tolkien




= Published works

=



By J. R. R. Tolkien

The Hobbit (1937)
2nd Edition (1951) revised to align with The Lord of the Rings
3rd Edition (1966) revised to assert copyright in US
The Lord of the Rings
The Fellowship of the Ring (1954)
The Shadow of the Past
The Council of Elrond
The Two Towers (1954)
The Return of the King (1955)
The Scouring of the Shire - a "novelistic" chapter
The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen
The Adventures of Tom Bombadil (1962)
Revised edition (2014) with addition of original poems, sources and images, and commentary by Christina Scull and Wayne G. Hammond
The Road Goes Ever On (1967) – music by Donald Swann, penmanship by Tolkien. See also Audio recordings
Revised edition (1978) – including a setting for Bilbo's Last Song
Posthumously published
Bilbo's Last Song (1974) – Dutch translation published 1973
"Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings" (1975) – also known as "Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings"
The Silmarillion (1977)
Ainulindalë
Pictures by J. R. R. Tolkien (1979) – text by Christopher Tolkien. Most of these pictures had been previously published in calendars by Ballantine Books (1973) and George Allen & Unwin (1974, 1976–1979), some of them coloured by H. E. Riddett.
Unfinished Tales (1980)
J. R. R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator (1995) – text by Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull
The Art of The Hobbit by J. R. R. Tolkien (2011) – text by Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull
The Art of The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien (2015) – text by Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull



Edited by Christopher Tolkien

These works present extended selections of Tolkien's legendarium (the large body of documents relating to The Silmarillion), with extensive notes and posthumous editing by his son Christopher. The separate 4-volume body of his comments on the drafts of The Lord of the Rings is included as volumes 6–9.



= The History of Middle-earth
=
Early legendarium
1 The Book of Lost Tales 1 (1983)
2 The Book of Lost Tales 2 (1984)
3 The Lays of Beleriand (1985)
4 The Shaping of Middle-earth (1986)
5 The Lost Road and Other Writings (1987)
The History of The Lord of the Rings
6 [1] The Return of the Shadow (1988)
7 [2] The Treason of Isengard (1989)
8 [3] The War of the Ring (1990)
9 [4] Sauron Defeated (1992)
The later Silmarillion
10 [1] Morgoth's Ring (1993)
11 [2] The War of the Jewels (1994)
Further details
12 The Peoples of Middle-earth (1996)



= Other stories
=
The Tolkien Reader and Tales from the Perilous Realm both reprint The Adventures of Tom Bombadil
Additional materials from the legendarium, with Christopher Tolkien's commentary.

The Children of Húrin (2007)
Beren and Lúthien (2017)
The Fall of Gondolin (2018)



Edited by other scholars

The Annotated Hobbit (1988) – text of The Hobbit, with many related texts by Tolkien, edited and with commentary by Douglas A. Anderson (revised edition 2002)
The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien (1981) – selected, introduced and edited by Humphrey Carpenter
The Nature of Middle-earth (2021) – essays and fragments, including on Elvish linguistics, with commentary by the scholar Carl F. Hostetter
The History of The Hobbit (2007) – 2 volumes on the construction of The Hobbit with commentary by the scholar John D. Rateliff




= Audio recordings

=
Poems and Songs of Middle Earth (1967), Caedmon TC 1231 – poems read by Tolkien; songs sung by William Elvin, accompanied by composer Donald Swann (as published in The Road Goes Ever On)
J. R. R. Tolkien Reads and Sings his The Hobbit & The Lord of the Rings (1975), Caedmon TC 1477, TC 1478 (based on an August, 1952 recording by George Sayer)
J. R. R. Tolkien The Silmarillion Of Beren And Lúthien (1977), Caedmon TC 1564 – Christopher Tolkien reads chapter 19 of The Silmarillion, slightly abridged




= Graphical works

=
Tolkien's artwork
Tolkien's maps
Tolkien's scripts
Cirth
Sarati
Tengwar




Translation


Translations of The Hobbit
Translating The Lord of the Rings (issues, challenges, approaches)
Translation of The Lord of the Rings into Swedish
List of translations of The Lord of the Rings




Adaptations and developments






= Maps

=

A Map of Middle-earth, meaning either of two posters:
by Barbara Remington (1965)
by Pauline Baynes (1970)
The Atlas of Middle-earth (1981, revised ed 1991) by Karen Wynn Fonstad
Journeys of Frodo: An Atlas of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings (1981) by Barbara Strachey




= Spoken word

=
The Hobbit (1974) – Nicol Williamson recorded an abridged, dramatic version for Decca Records on the Argo label
The Lord of the Rings (1990) – unabridged recording by Rob Inglis for Recorded Books
The Hobbit (1991) – unabridged recording by Rob Inglis for Recorded Books
The Children of Húrin (2007) – Christopher Lee recorded an unabridged audiobook
The Hobbit (2020) – Andy Serkis live-streamed an unabridged reading to raise money for NHS Charities Together
The Hobbit (2020) – unabridged recording by Andy Serkis for HarperCollinsUK and Recorded Books
The Lord of the Rings (2021) – unabridged recording by Andy Serkis for HarperCollinsUK and Recorded Books




= Radio

=
The Lord of the Rings (1955) – BBC: six 45-minute episodes for The Fellowship of the Ring, then six 30-minute episodes for all of The Two Towers and The Return of the King, adapted by Terence Tiller
The Hobbit (1968) – BBC: eight half-hour episodes, adapted by Michael Kilgarriff
The Lord of the Rings (1979) – National Public Radio: totalling over 11 hours, adapted by Bernard Mayes
The Lord of the Rings (1981) – BBC: 26 half-hour instalments, later re-cut to 13 hour-long instalments, adapted by Brian Sibley and Michael Bakewell
Der Herr der Ringe (1991) – Südwestrundfunk and Westdeutscher Rundfunk: German adaptation of The Lord of the Rings in 30 half-hour episodes, by Peter F. Steinbach




= Motion pictures

=

The Hobbit (1967) – Gene Deitch's short animated adaptation
The Hobbit (1977) – an animated musical television special by Rankin/Bass
The Lord of the Rings (1978) – an animated film of the first half of the book by Ralph Bakshi
The Hobbit (1979) – children's program Jackanory broadcast ten 15-minute episodes
The Return of the King (1980) – the animated sequel to 1977's The Hobbit
Khraniteli (1991) - a "lost" Russian television play, now recovered
Hobitit (1993) - a Finnish rendering of the Hobbits' journey in The Lord of the Rings
The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power (2022) – prequel series by Amazon Studios



Peter Jackson

The Lord of the Rings film series – the live-action trilogy by Peter Jackson
Films
The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001)
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002)
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)
Production
Wētā Workshop
Music
Recordings
Peter Jackson's interpretation
The Hobbit film series – Jackson's three-part prequel to his The Lord of the Rings series
Films
The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey (2012)
The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug (2013)
The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies (2014)
Music




= Stage

=
Rob Inglis wrote and performed one-man adaptations of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings starting in the 1970s
Lord of the Rings (2006) – Musical staged in Toronto, re-written for London in 2007




= Games

=



Tabletop games


Middle-earth Role Playing (1984) – Iron Crown Enterprises
Lord of the Rings Adventure Game (1991) – Iron Crown Enterprises
The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game (2002) –Decipher, Inc.
The One Ring: Adventures over the Edge of the Wild (2011) – Cubicle 7
Adventures in Middle-earth (2016) – OGL supplement by Cubicle 7



Video games


The Hobbit (1982)
Elendor (1991)
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002)
The Hobbit (2003)
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)
The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age (2004)
The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth (2004)
The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age (Game Boy Advance) (2004)
The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II (2006)
The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-king (2006)
The Lord of the Rings: The White Council (2007; cancelled)
The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar (2007)
The Lord of the Rings: Conquest (2009)
The Lord of the Rings: Tactics (2009)
The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest (2010)
The Lord of the Rings: War in the North (2011)
Guardians of Middle-earth (2012)
Lego The Lord of the Rings (2012)
Lego The Hobbit (2014)
Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor (2014)
Middle-earth: Shadow of War (2017)




= Parodies

=
Bored of the Rings (1969) – Harvard Lampoon novel
Hordes of the Things (1980) – BBC radio series
Bored of the Rings (1985) – Delta 4 video game
The Boggit: Bored Too (1986) – Delta 4 video game
Muddle Earth (2003) – children's novel by Paul Stewart
Fellowship! (2004) – musical




Geography






= Cosmology of Eä

=

Two Trees of Valinor




= Continents of Arda

=
Middle-earth
Númenor
Valinor (on Aman)




= Nations and regions

=

Beleriand
Gondor
Harad
Lothlórien
Mordor
Rohan
The Shire




= Natural features

=
The Lonely Mountain
Mirkwood
The Old Forest




= Cities and other populated places

=
Bag End
Bree
Esgaroth
Isengard
Moria
Rivendell




History






= Artefacts

=
Mithril
The Palantíri
Phial of Galadriel
Rings of Power
The One Ring
The Silmarils
Weapons and armour




= Events

=
First Age
Sundering of the Elves
Third Age
Battle of Helm's Deep
Battle of the Pelennor Fields
Battle of the Morannon
The Scouring of the Shire




= Characters

=



First Age

House of Finwë

Finwë
Fëanor
Maedhros
Finrod Felagund
Galadriel
Glorfindel
House of Elwë and Olwë

Thingol
Lúthien
House of Marach

Húrin
Túrin Turambar
Tuor
Eärendil and Elwing
Elrond
Arwen
Others

Beren
Sauron
Ungoliant



Second Age

Elendil
Gil-galad
Isildur



Third Age

Thorin and Company

Thorin Oakenshield
Balin
Bilbo Baggins
Gandalf
The Fellowship of the Ring

Frodo Baggins
Samwise Gamgee
Merry Brandybuck
Pippin Took
Aragorn
Boromir
Gandalf
Legolas
Gimli
Wizards:

Gandalf
Radagast
Saruman
Elves

Arwen
Galadriel
Glorfindel
Legolas
Thranduil
Men

Aragorn
Bard
Boromir
Denethor
Éomer
Éowyn
Faramir
Gríma Wormtongue
Théoden
Other characters

Barrow-wight
Beorn
Goldberry
Gollum
Old Man Willow
Shelob
Treebeard
Tom Bombadil
Watcher in the Water




Culture






= Races

=

Ainur

Valar
Maiar
Balrogs
Wizards
Men

Drúedain
Dúnedain
Monsters

Dragons
Nazgûl
Orcs
Trolls
Wargs
Other

Dwarves
Eagles
Elves
Ents
Hobbits




= Languages

=

Elvish languages

Quenya
Grammar of late Quenya
Sindarin
Other

Adûnaic
Khuzdul
Black Speech




= Folklore and poetry

=
A Elbereth Gilthoniel
A Walking Song
Namárië
Song of Eärendil
Errantry
Fastitocalon
The Lay of Leithian
The Lay of the Children of Húrin
The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late
The Road Goes Ever On
The Sea-Bell
The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen
Beren and Lúthien




Analysis






= Influences

=
J. R. R. Tolkien's influences
Nodens
Ring of Silvianus
Sigelwara Land
Tolkien's impact on fantasy




= Components

=
Artwork
Family trees
Heraldry
for Tolkien's invented Languages, see above
Maps
Non-narrative elements
Tolkien's poetry
Poetry in The Lord of the Rings
see above for individual poems




= Literary devices

=
Anachronism
Character pairing
Editorial framing
Frame stories
Ælfwine
(see also The Lost Road)
The Notion Club Papers
Red Book of Westmarch
Impression of depth
Interlacing
Narrative structure
Prose style
Ambiguity




= Sources

=
Antiquarianism
Beowulf
Celtic
Classical world
Finnish influences
First World War
Modern
Norse
Philology
Shakespeare




= Themes

=

Addiction to power
Ancestry as guide to character
Architecture
Christianity
Decline and fall
England
Environmentalism
Heroism
Languages
Light
Luck and fate
Magic
Medieval
Moral dilemma
Music
Naming of weapons
Northern courage
Old Straight Road
Paganism
Plants
Psychological journeys
Quests
Race
Sexuality
Sound and language
Time
Trees and forests
Women




= Music

=
Music of The Lord of the Rings film series
The Tolkien Ensemble




= Scholarship

=



Institutions

The Tolkien Society
The Mythopoeic Society
Elvish Linguistic Fellowship
Marion E. Wade Center
Signum University



Journals

Journal of Tolkien Research
Mallorn
Mythlore
Tolkien Studies
Vinyar Tengwar



Scholars

Douglas A. Anderson
Nicholas Birns
Stratford Caldecott
Jane Chance
Patrick Curry
Michael D. C. Drout
Jonathan Evans
Jason Fisher
Verlyn Flieger
John Garth
Glen GoodKnight
Wayne G. Hammond
Stuart D. Lee
Jared Lobdell
Catherine McIlwaine
Gergely Nagy
Corey Olsen
John D. Rateliff
Fleming Rutledge
Christina Scull
Elizabeth Solopova
Sandra Ballif Straubhaar
Richard C. West
Ralph C. Wood



Biographical works

J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography (1977) – by Humphrey Carpenter
Tolkien and the Great War (2003) – by John Garth
The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary (2006) – by Peter Gilliver, Jeremy Marshall and Edmund Weiner



Works


Tolkien: A Look Behind "The Lord of the Rings" (1969) – by Lin Carter (revised 2003 by Adam Roberts)
The Complete Guide to Middle-earth (1971) – ed. Robert Foster (revised 1978, 2001)
Master of Middle-Earth (1972) – by Paul H. Kocher
Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England' (1979) – by Jane Chance
The Road to Middle-Earth (1982) – by Tom Shippey (revised 1993, 2005)
Splintered Light (1983) – by Verlyn Flieger
J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century (2000) – by Tom Shippey
Tolkien's Legendarium: Essays on The History of Middle-earth (2000) – eds Verlyn Flieger and Carl F. Hostetter
Tolkien: A Cultural Phenomenon (2003) – by Brian Rosebury
The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion (2005) – by Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull
The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide (2006) – by Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull
The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia (2006) – ed. Michael D. C. Drout
A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien (2014) – ed. Stuart D. Lee
Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth (2018) – by Catherine McIlwaine
The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien (2020) – by John Garth




See also


List of The Hobbit characters
List of original characters in The Lord of the Rings film series




External links



Tolkien Gateway – wiki about Middle-earth and Tolkien.
The Tolkien Meta-FAQ – answers to commonly asked questions about Tolkien and Middle-earth.
J. R. R. Tolkien Collection at Marquette University – manuscripts of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, and related documents

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