- Source: Outline of philosophy
Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. It is distinguished from other ways of addressing fundamental questions (such as mysticism, myth) by being critical and generally systematic and by its reliance on rational argument. It involves logical analysis of language and clarification of the meaning of words and concepts.
The word "philosophy" comes from the Greek philosophia (φιλοσοφία), which literally means "love of wisdom".
Branches of philosophy
The branches of philosophy and their sub-branches that are used in contemporary philosophy are as follows.
= Aesthetics
=Aesthetics is study of the nature of beauty, art, and taste, and the creation of personal kinds of truth.
Philosophy of art
= Epistemology
=Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that studies the source, nature and validity of knowledge.
Social epistemology – inquiry into the social aspects of knowledge.
Formal epistemology – the application of formal models to study knowledge.
Metaepistemology – studying the foundations of epistemology itself.
= Ethics
=Ethics – study of value and morality.
Applied ethics – philosophical examination, from a moral standpoint, of particular issues in private and public life that are matters of moral judgment. It is thus the attempts to use philosophical methods to identify the morally correct course of action in various fields of human life.
Bioethics – analysis of controversial ethical issues emerging from advances in medicine.
Environmental ethics – studies ethical issues concerning the non-human world. It exerts influence on a large range of disciplines including environmental law, environmental sociology, ecotheology, ecological economics, ecology and environmental geography.
Medical ethics – studies ethical issues concerning medicine and medical research.
Professional ethics – ethics to improve professionalism.
Discourse ethics – discovery of ethical principles through the study of language.
Normative ethics – study of ethical theories that prescribe how people ought to act.
Metaethics – branch of ethics that seeks to understand the nature of ethical properties, statements, attitudes, and judgments.
= Logic
=Logic – the systematic study of the form of valid inference and reasoning.
Also regarded as the separate formal science.
Classical logic
Propositional logic
First-order logic
Second-order logic
Higher-order logic
Non-classical logic
Description logic
Digital logic
Fuzzy logic
Intuitionistic logic
Many-valued logic
Modal logic
Alethic logic
Deontic logic
Doxastic logic
Epistemic logic
Temporal logic
Paraconsistent logic
Substructural logic
Metalogic
= Metaphysics
=Metaphysics – concerned with explaining the fundamental nature of being and the world that encompasses it.
Cosmology – the study of the nature and origins of the universe.
Ontology – philosophical study of the nature of being, becoming, existence, or reality, as well as the basic categories of being and their relations.
Meta-ontology – study of the ontological foundations of ontology itself.
Philosophy of space and time – branch of philosophy concerned with the issues surrounding the ontology, epistemology, and character of space and time.
= Other
=Metaphilosophy
Phenomenology
Philosophy of action
Philosophy of education
Philosophy of history
Philosophy of language
Philosophy of law
Philosophy of mathematics
Philosophy of mind
Philosophy of religion
Philosophy of science
Philosophical anthropology
Philosophy of archaeology
Philosophy of biology
Philosophy of chemistry
Philosophy of computer science
Philosophy of artificial intelligence
Philosophy of geography
Philosophy of medicine
Philosophy of physics
Interpretations of quantum mechanics
Philosophy of social science
Philosophy of economics
Philosophy of psychology
Political philosophy
Pragmatism
Philosophic traditions by region
Regional variations of philosophy.
= Africana philosophy
=Akan philosophy
Ethiopian philosophy
Ubuntu philosophy
= Eastern philosophy
=Chinese philosophy
Indian philosophy
Indonesian philosophy
Japanese philosophy
Korean philosophy
Vietnamese philosophy
= Middle Eastern Philosophy
=Iranian philosophy
Pakistani philosophy
Turkish philosophy
= Indigenous American philosophy
=Aztec philosophy
= Western philosophy
=American philosophy
Australian philosophy
British philosophy
Canadian philosophy
Czech philosophy
Danish philosophy
Dutch philosophy
French philosophy
Greek philosophy
German philosophy
Italian philosophy
Maltese philosophy
Polish philosophy
Romanian philosophy
Russian philosophy
Scottish philosophy
Slovene philosophy
Spanish philosophy
Yugoslav philosophy
History of philosophy
The history of philosophy in specific contexts of time and space.
= Timeline of philosophy
=11th century in philosophy
12th century in philosophy
13th century in philosophy
14th century in philosophy
15th century in philosophy
16th century in philosophy
17th century in philosophy
18th century in philosophy
19th-century philosophy
20th-century philosophy
= Ancient and classical philosophy
=Philosophies during ancient history.
Ancient Greek and Roman philosophy
Pre-Socratic philosophy
Milesian school - Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes
Xenophanes
Pythagoreanism
Heraclitus
Eleatics - Parmenides, Zeno, and Melissus
Pluralists - Empedocles and Anaxagoras
Atomists - Leucippus, Democritus
Sophists
Classical Greek philosophy
Socratic schools
Megarian school
Eretrian school
Cynicism
Cyrenaics
Platonism
Peripatetic school
Hellenistic philosophy
Academic skepticism
Middle Academy
New Academy
Epicureanism
Pyrrhonism
Stoicism
Ancient Roman philosophy
Middle Platonism
Neopythagoreanism
Neoplatonism
Classical Chinese philosophy
Hundred Schools of Thought
Confucianism
Legalism
Taoism
Mohism
School of Naturalists
School of Names
School of Diplomacy
Agriculturalism
Syncretism
Yangism
Classical Indian philosophy
Orthodox schools
Samkhya
Yoga
Nyaya
Vaisheshika
Mīmāṃsā
Vedanta
Heterodox schools
Ajñana
Jain philosophy
Buddhist philosophy
Ājīvika
Charvaka
= Medieval and post-classical philosophy
=Philosophies during post-classical history.
Christian philosophy
Neoplatonism Christian
Scholasticism
Thomism
Islamic philosophy
Avicennism
Averroism
Illuminationism
Jewish philosophy
Judeo-Islamic philosophies
Post-classical Chinese philosophy
Neo-Confucianism
Xuanxue
Zen
= Modern and contemporary philosophy
=Philosophies during the modern era.
Renaissance philosophy
Renaissance humanism
Renaissance Jewish philosophy
Machiavellianism
Neostoicism
Ramism
School of Salamanca
Early modern philosophy
Empiricism
Rationalism
Idealism
Contemporary philosophy
Analytic philosophy
Logical positivism
Logicism
Continental philosophy
Phenomenology
Existentialism
Deconstruction
Structuralism
Contemporary Asian philosophy
Buddhist modernism
New Confucianism
Maoism
Kyoto School
Neo-Vedanta
Contemporary Islamic philosophy
Transcendent theosophy
Traditionalist School
Philosophical schools of thought
Philosophical schools of thought not tied to particular historic contexts.
= Aesthetical movements
=Symbolism
Romanticism
Historicism
Classicism
Modernism
Postmodernism
Psychoanalytic theory
= Epistemological stances
== Ethical theories
=Consequentialism
Deontology
Virtue ethics
Moral realism
Moral relativism
Error theory
Non-cognitivism
Ethical egoism
Cultural relativism
Evolutionary ethics
Evolution of morality
Face-to-face
= Logical systems
=Classical logic
Intermediate logic
Intuitionistic logic
Minimal logic
Relevant logic
Affine logic
Linear logic
Ordered logic
Dialetheism
= Metaphysical stances
== Political philosophies
=Anarchism
Authoritarianism
Conservatism
Fascism
Liberalism
Libertarianism
Social democracy
Socialism
Communism
= Philosophy of language theories and stances
== Philosophy of mind theories and stances
== Philosophy of religion stances
== Philosophy of science theories and stances
=Philosophical literature
Blackwell Companion to Philosophy
A History of Western Philosophy by Bertrand Russell
A History of Philosophy by Frederick Copleston
= Reference works
=Encyclopedia of Philosophy – one of the major English encyclopedias of philosophy. The second edition, edited by Donald M. Borchert, was published in ten volumes in 2006 by Thomson Gale. Volumes 1–9 contain alphabetically ordered articles.
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy – a free online encyclopedia on philosophical topics and philosophers founded by James Fieser in 1995. The current general editors are James Fieser (Professor of Philosophy at the University of Tennessee at Martin) and Bradley Dowden (Professor of Philosophy at California State University, Sacramento). The staff also includes numerous area editors as well as volunteers.
Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy – encyclopedia of philosophy edited by Edward Craig that was first published by Routledge in 1998 (ISBN 978-0415073103). Originally published in both 10 volumes of print and as a CD-ROM, in 2002 it was made available online on a subscription basis. The online version is regularly updated with new articles and revisions to existing articles. It has 1,300 contributors providing over 2,000 scholarly articles.
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – combines an online encyclopedia of philosophy with peer reviewed publication of original papers in philosophy, freely-accessible to internet users. Each entry is written and maintained by an expert in the field, including professors from many academic institutions worldwide.
Chan, Wing-tsit (1963). A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-01964-2.
Huang, Siu-chi (1999). Essentials of Neo-Confucianism: Eight Major Philosophers of the Song and Ming Periods. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-26449-8.
The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy by Robert Audi
Edwards, Paul, ed. (1967). The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Macmillan & Free Press.; in 1996, a ninth supplemental volume appeared that updated the classic 1967 encyclopedia.
International Directory of Philosophy and Philosophers. Charlottesville, Philosophy Documentation Center.
Directory of American Philosophers. Charlottesville, Philosophy Documentation Center.
Routledge History of Philosophy (10 vols.) edited by John Marenbon
History of Philosophy (9 vols.) by Frederick Copleston
A History of Western Philosophy (5 vols.) by W.T. Jones
History of Italian Philosophy (2 vols.) by Eugenio Garin. Translated from Italian and Edited by Giorgio Pinton. Introduction by Leon Pompa.
Encyclopaedia of Indian Philosophies (8 vols.), edited by Karl H. Potter et al. (first 6 volumes out of print)
Indian Philosophy (2 vols.) by Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
A History of Indian Philosophy (5 vols.) by Surendranath Dasgupta
History of Chinese Philosophy (2 vols.) by Fung Yu-lan, Derk Bodde
Instructions for Practical Living and Other Neo-Confucian Writings by Wang Yang-ming by Chan, Wing-tsit
Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy edited by Antonio S. Cua
Encyclopedia of Eastern Philosophy and Religion by Ingrid Fischer-Schreiber, Franz-Karl Ehrhard, Kurt Friedrichs
Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy by Brian Carr, Indira Mahalingam
A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English by John A. Grimes
History of Islamic Philosophy edited by Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Oliver Leaman
History of Jewish Philosophy edited by Daniel H. Frank, Oliver Leaman
A History of Russian Philosophy: From the Tenth to the Twentieth Centuries by Valerii Aleksandrovich Kuvakin
Ayer, A.J. et al., Ed. (1994) A Dictionary of Philosophical Quotations. Blackwell Reference Oxford. Oxford, Basil Blackwell Ltd.
Blackburn, S., Ed. (1996)The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Mautner, T., Ed. The Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy. London, Penguin Books.
Runes, D., ed. (1942). The Dictionary of Philosophy. New York: The Philosophical Library, Inc. Archived from the original on 24 April 2014. Retrieved 27 December 2005.
Angeles, P.A., Ed. (1992). The HarperCollins Dictionary of Philosophy. New York, Harper Perennial.
Bunnin, Nicholas; Tsui-James, Eric, eds. (15 April 2008). The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-99787-1.
Hoffman, Eric, Ed. (1997) Guidebook for Publishing Philosophy. Charlottesville, Philosophy Documentation Center.
Popkin, R.H. (1999). The Columbia History of Western Philosophy. New York, Columbia University Press.
Bullock, Alan, and Oliver Stallybrass, jt. eds. The Harper Dictionary of Modern Thought. New York: Harper & Row, 1977. xix, 684 p. N.B.: First published in England under the title, "The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought". ISBN 978-0-06-010578-5
Reese, W.L. Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion: Eastern and Western Thought. Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1980. iv, 644 p. ISBN 978-0-391-00688-1
= General introduction
== Topical introductions
== Historical introductions
=Lists
List of important publications in philosophy
List of philosophy awards
Lists of philosophers
Index of philosophy
Index of philosophy of science articles
Timeline of Western philosophers
Timeline of Eastern philosophers
Unsolved problems in philosophy
See also
Outline of ethics
Outline of logic
Outline of philosophy of artificial intelligence
References
External links
Taxonomy of Philosophy – topic outline developed by David Chalmers as the category structure for the table of contents of the PhilPapers academic directory.
PhilPapers – comprehensive directory of online philosophical articles and books.
Dictionary of Philosophical Terms and Names
Guide to Philosophy on the Internet
The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
The Ism Book
Introducing Philosophy Series. By Paul Newall (for beginners)
Philosophical positions (philosophy, movement, school, theory, etc.)
The Problems of Philosophy, by Bertrand Russell (links provided to full text)
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
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- Outline of philosophy
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- List of academic fields
- Outline of artificial intelligence
- Outline of ethics
- Outline of epistemology
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- Outline of self
- Outline of metaphysics
- Outline of aesthetics
