• Source: Paul Bowles

Paul Frederic Bowles (; 30 Desember 1910 – 18 November 1999) adalah seorang komposer, pengarang, dan penerjemah ekspatriat Amerika. Ia berasosiasi dengan Tangier, Maroko, dimana ia singgah pada 1947 dan hidup selama 52 tahun sampai akhir hayatnya.
Berasal dari sebuah keluarga kelas menengah berbudaya di New York City, dimana ia menyimpan bakat musik dan menulis, Bowles menjalani pendidikannya di University of Virginia sebelum membuat beberapa kunjungan ke Paris pada 1930an. Ia belajar musik dengan Aaron Copland, dan di New York menulis musik untuk produksi-produksi teatrikal, serta komposisi lainnya. Ia meraih kesuksesan kritis dan populer dengan novel pertamanya The Sheltering Sky (1949), yang berlatar belakang Afrika Utara Prancis, yang ia kunjungi pada 1931.
Pada 1947, Bowles menetap di Tangier, Maroko, dan istrinya Jane Bowles menyusul pada 1948. Kecuali untuk musim dingin yang dijalankan di Sri Lanka (saat itu dikenal dengan sebutan Ceylon) pada awal 1950an,, Tangier menjadi tempat tinggal Bowles selama sisa hidupnya. Ia menyimbolkan para imigran Amerika di kota tersebut.
Paul Bowles wafat pada 1999 di usia 88 tahun. Abunya dikubur di dekat makam keluarga di Pemakaman Lakemont, New York.




Referensi






Bacaan tambahan






= Biografi dan memoir

=
Paul Bowles: 2117 Tanger Socco, Robert Briatte (1989), ISBN 2-259-02007-0 The first biography of Paul Bowles (in French)
An Invisible Spectator: A Biography of Paul Bowles, Christopher Sawyer-Laucanno (1989)
You Are Not I: A Portrait of Paul Bowles, Millicent Dillon (1998)
Paul Bowles: A Life, Virginia Spencer Carr (2004), ISBN 0-684-19657-3
Isherwood, Bowles, Vedanta, Wicca, and Me, Lee Prosser (2001), ISBN 0-595-20284-5
Paul Bowles, Magic and Morocco, Allan Hibbard (2004), ISBN 978-0-932274-61-8
February House, Sherill Tippins (2005), ISBN 0-618-41911-X
Paul Bowles by his Friends, Gary Pulsifer (1992), ISBN 0-7206-0866-X
Second Son: an autobiography, David Herbert (1972), ISBN 0-7206-0272-6
The Sheltering Sky, (movie edition) Bertolucci and Bowles (1990), ISBN 0-356-19579-1
Here to Learn, Mark Terrill (2002), ISBN 1-891408-29-1
Yesterday's Perfume,Cherie Nutting with Paul Bowles (2000), ISBN 0-609-60573-9
"Tangier Love Story, Jane Bowles, Paul Bowles and Me", Carol Adman (2014), ASIN B00NMM642G




= Kritisisme kesusastraan Paul Bowles

=
Paul Bowles: Romantic Savage, Gena Dagel Caponi (1994), ISBN 0-8093-1923-3
Paul Bowles: The Inner Geography, Wayne Pounds (1985), ISBN 0-8204-0192-7
Paul Bowles: The Illumination of North Africa, Lawrence D. Stewart (1974), ISBN 0-8093-0651-4
Paul Bowles: Twayne's Authors Series, Gena Dagel Caponi (1998), ISBN 0-8057-4560-2
The Fiction of Paul Bowles: The Soul is the Weariest Part of the Body, Hans Bertens (1979), ISBN 90-6203-992-8




= Wawancara yang diterbitkan dengan Bowles

=
Conversations with Paul Bowles, Gena Dagel Caponi (1993), ISBN 0-87805-650-5
Desultory Correspondence, Florian Vetsch (1997), ISBN 3-9520497-7-8




= Katalog dan edisi arsip tentang Bowles

=
Paul Bowles: A Descriptive Bibliography, Jeffrey Miller (1986), ISBN 0-87685-610-5
Paul Bowles on Music, edited by Timothy Mangan and Irene Herrmann (2003), ISBN 0-520-23655-6




= Referensi lainnya

=
Choukri, Mohamed (1997). Paul Bowles: Le Reclus de Tanger.
Green, Michelle (1991). The Dream at the End of the World: Paul Bowles and the Literary Renegades in Tangier. ISBN 0-06-016571-5.
Hopkins, John (1998). The Tangier Diaries. ISBN 93-227-4501-0.
Oliver, Edgar (April 30, 2011). "Courting Paul Bowles in Tangier". The MOTH.
Woolman, David (1998). Stars in the Firmament: Tangier Characters 1660–1960. ISBN 1-57889-068-3.




Pranala luar



Situs web resmi




= Tulisan dan musik

=
Paul Bowles Collection Diarsipkan 2012-02-10 di Wayback Machine. at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin
Paul Bowles Online Exhibit, University of Delaware
Paul Bowles audio and music web published on the Tellus Audio Cassette Magazine project archive at Ubuweb
Music of Morocco: The Paul Bowles Recordings for the American Folklife Collection at archnet.org




= Wawancara

=
Wawancara selengkapnya ada pada situs web resmi Paul Bowles

Bailey, Jeffrey (Fall 1981). "Paul Bowles, The Art of Fiction No. 67". Paris Review.
"A Distant Episode: In Tangier with Paul Bowles", Poets & Writers Magazine, hlm. 36–39, July–August 1999, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-05-01, diakses tanggal 2017-07-04
Clips of interviews with Bowles from the documentary Paul Bowles in Morocco
"Paul Bowles, A Conversation with Bruce Duffie" (Bruce Duffie, May 1992)
Templat:NewMusicBox
"Stranger on a Strange Shore" (Gaither Stewart, Critique magazine, October 2000) Diarsipkan 2006-04-26 di Wayback Machine..




= Pernyataan

=
Paul Bowles’ Tangier and Fez, Mohamed Elkouche (from “Paul Bowles' Tangier and Fez: The Agony of Transition from Colonial to Post-colonial Times,” in Urban Generations: Post-Colonial Cities, Mohamed V University, Rabat, 2005.




= Ulasan dan obituari

=
Review of "The Sheltering Sky" Diarsipkan 2013-07-09 di Wayback Machine., Time, December 5, 1945
Review of "Let It Come Down" Diarsipkan 2008-05-13 di Wayback Machine., Critique magazine
Review of "The Spider's House", New York Times, 1955
Review of "Up Above the World", The New York Times, 1966
Obituary, Manchester Guardian, 19 November 1999
Obituary, BBC World, 19 November 1999

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• Paul Bowles
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