- Source: Philippine Revolutionary Army
The Philippine Revolutionary Army (Spanish: Ejército Revolucionario Filipino; Tagalog: Panghimagsikang Hukbong Katihan ng Pilipinas), later renamed Philippine Republican Army, was the army of the First Philippine Republic from its formation in March 1897 to its dissolution in November of 1899 in favor of guerrilla operations in the Philippine–American War.
History
The revolutionary army used the 1896 edition of the Spanish regular army's Ordenanza del Ejército to organize its forces and establish its character as a modern army. Rules and regulations were laid down for the reorganization of the army, along with the regulation of ranks and the adoption of new fighting methods, new rank insignias, and a new standard uniform known as the rayadillo. Filipino artist Juan Luna is credited with this design. Juan Luna also designed the collar insignia for the uniforms, distinguishing between the services: infantry, cavalry, artillery, sappers, and medics. His brother, General Antonio Luna commissioned him with the task and personally paid for the new uniforms. At least one researcher has postulated that Juan Luna may have patterned the tunic after the English Norfolk jacket, since the Filipino version is not a copy of any Spanish-pattern uniform. Infantry officers wore blue pants with two white stripes down the side, while Cavalry officers wore red trousers with two black stripes. Soldiers and junior officers wore straw hats while senior officers often wore peaked caps.
Orders and circulars were issued covering matters such as building trenches and fortifications, equipping every male aged 15 to 50 with bows and arrows (as well as bolo knives, though officers wielded European swords), enticing Filipino soldiers in the Spanish army to defect, collecting empty cartridges for refilling, prohibiting unplanned sorties, inventories of captured arms and ammunition, fundraising, purchasing of arms and supplies abroad, unification of military commands, and exhorting the rich to give aid to the soldiers.
Aguinaldo, a month after he declared Philippine independence, created a pay scale for officers in the army: Following the board, a brigadier general would receive 600 pesos annually, and a sergeant 72 pesos.
When the Philippine–American War erupted on February 4, 1899, the Filipino army suffered heavy losses on every sector. Even Antonio Luna urged Apolinario Mabini, Aguinaldo's chief adviser, to convince the President that guerrilla warfare must be announced as early as April 1899. Aguinaldo adopted guerrilla tactics on November 13, 1899, dissolving what remained of the regular army and after many of his crack units were decimated in set-piece battles.
Arsenal
The Filipinos were short on modern weapons. Most of its weapons were captured from the Spanish, were improvised or were traditional weapons. The service rifles of the nascent army were the Spanish M93 and the Spanish Remington Rolling Block rifle. Moreover, while in Hong Kong, Emilio Aguinaldo purchased rifles from the Americans. Two batches of 2,000 rifles each including ammunition were ordered and paid for. The first batch arrived while the second batch never did. In his letters to Galicano Apacible, Mariano Ponce also sought weapons from both domestic and international dealers in the Empire of Japan. He was offered different breech-loading single-shot rifles since most nations were discarding them in favor of new smokeless bolt-action rifles. However, there was no mention of any purchase occurring. Another planned purchase was the Murata rifle from Japan but no record exists that it made its way into the hands of Filipino revolutionaries.
Crew-served weapons of the Philippine military included lantaka, Krupp guns, Hontoria guns, Ordóñez guns, Hotchkiss guns, Nordenfelt guns, Maxim guns, and Colt guns. Many of these were captured from the Spanish and the Americans. There were also improvised artillery weapons made of water pipes reinforced with bamboo or timber, which could only fire once or twice.
Ranks
= Commissioned officer ranks
=The rank insignia of commissioned officers.
= Other ranks
=The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.
= Branch colors
=In 1898, the Philippine government prescribed branch colors twice:
= Branch insignia
=Engineers: A castle superimposed on a diagonally crossed pickax and shovel, surmounted by a sun.
Artillery: Crossed field guns above six cannonballs, surmounted by a sun.
Infantry: A diagonally crossed dagger and bolo surmounted by a sun, superimposed on three concentric circles.
Cavalry: Two crossed lances over two crossed sabers, surmounted by a sun.
Light Infantry/Rifle battalions: Two crossed rifles with fixed bayonets surmounted by a sun, superimposed on three concentric circles. (This badge is the basis of the current PA infantry branch insignia).
Intendancy-Quartermaster: A cockade within a wreath surmounted by a sun.
Signals: Six lightning bolts over a semicircular wreath surmounted by a sun.
Medical Service: A bowl of Hygieia within a wreath surmounted by a sun.
Recruitment and conscription
During the revolution against Spain, the Katipunan gave leaflets to the people to encourage them to join the revolution. Since the revolutionaries had become regular soldiers at the time of Emilio Aguinaldo, they started to recruit males and some females aged 15 and above as a form of national service. A few Spanish and Filipino enlisted personnel and officers of the Spanish Army and Spanish Navy defected to the Revolutionary Army, as well as a number of foreign individuals and American defectors who volunteered to join during the course of the revolution.
Conscription in the revolutionary army was in effect in the Philippines and military service was mandatory at that time by the order of Gen. Antonio Luna, the Chief Commander of the Army during the Philippine–American War.
Organization
The largest standard unit in the Filipino army according to the decree issued by President Aguinaldo on July 30, 1898 was the battalion, which varied in size depending on the province: six-company battalions in populous provinces like Cavite and Manila, four-company battalions in Morong, Bataan, and Nueva Ecija, a two-company battalion in Mindoro, and a single company in Marinduque. Soldiers were recruited voluntarily, with surplus volunteers either joining the police or forming a 3,000-strong central corps under the President. Battalions were named after their respective provinces, such as the 1st Battalion of Tayabas.
Philippine Revolutionary Navy
The Philippine Revolutionary Navy was established during the second phase of the Philippine Revolution when General Emilio Aguinaldo formed the Revolutionary Navy. On May 1, 1898, the first ship handed by Admiral George Dewey to the Revolutionary Navy is a small pinnace from the Reina Cristina of Admiral Patricio Montojo, which was named Magdalo. The Navy was initially composed of a small fleet of eight Spanish steam launches captured from the Spaniards. The ships were refitted with 9-centimeter guns. The rich, namely Leon Apacible, Manuel Lopez and Gliceria Marella de Villavicencio, later donated five other vessels of greater tonnage, the Taaleño, the Balayan, the Bulusan, the Taal and the Purísima Concepción. The 900-ton inter-island tobacco steamer further reinforced the fleet, Compania de Filipinas (renamed as the navy flagship Filipinas), steam launches purchased from China and other watercraft donated by wealthy patriots.
Naval stations were later established to serve as ships' home bases in the following:
Ports of Aparri
Ports of Legaspi
Ports of Balayan
Ports of Calapan
Ports of San Roque, Cavite
On September 26, 1898, Aguinaldo appointed Captain Pascual Ledesma (a merchant ship captain) as Director of the Bureau of the Navy, assisted by Captain Angel Pabie (another merchant ship captain). After passing of the Malolos Constitution the Navy was transferred from the Ministry of Foreign Relations to the Department of War (thereafter known as the Department of War and the Navy) headed by Gen. Mariano Trías.
As the tensions between Filipinos and Americans erupted in 1899 and a continued blockade on naval forces by the Americans, the Philippine naval forces started to be decimated.
Flags and early banners of the revolution
Officers
= General officers
=During the existence of the Philippine Revolutionary Army, over a hundred individuals were appointed to General Officer grades.
= Other notable officers
=General Águeda Kahabagan y Iniquinto - Commander of the Reserve Corps from April 6, 1899. The only female general in the roster.
Colonel Agapito Bonzón
Colonel Felipe Salvador – Commander of the Santa Iglesia faction.
Colonel Apolinar Vélez
Colonel Alejandro Avecilla
Colonel Francisco "Paco" Román – Aide to Lieutenant General Antonio Luna.
Colonel Pablo Tecson – Leader, Battle of Quingua.
Colonel Alipio Tecson – Supreme Military Commander of Tarlac in 1900 and exiled to Guam.
Colonel Simón Tecson – Leader of Siege of Baler; signatory of the Biak-na-Bato Constitution.
Colonel Simeón Villa
Colonel Luciano San Miguel
Colonel Joaquin Luna
Colonel José Tagle – Known for his role in the Battle of Imus.
Lieutenant Colonel Lázaro Macapagal – Commanding officer in-charge at the execution of Andrés and Procopio Bonifacio brothers.
Lieutenant Colonel José Torres Bugallón – Hero of the Battle of La Loma.
Lieutenant Colonel Regino Díaz Relova – Fought as one of the heads of columns under General Juan Cailles in the Laguna province.
Major Manuel Quezon – Aide to President Emilio Aguinaldo. Eventually succeeded him as the second president of the Philippines under the United States-sponsored Commonwealth.
Major Eugenio Daza – Area Commander Southeastern Samar and overall Commander and chief organizer of the Balangiga Encounter.
Major Geronimo Gatmaitan – Commanding Officer of the presidential guards responsible for the protection of the President.
Major Juan Arce
Captain Eduardo Rusca – Aide to Lieutenant General Antonio Luna.
Captain Pedro Janolino – Commanding Officer of the Kawit Battalion.
Captain Vicente Roa
Captain Serapio Narváez – Officer of the 4th Company, Morong Battalion.
Captain Cirilo Arenas - Captain of Maguagui (Naic), Cavite.
Lieutenant García – one of Gen. Luna's favorite sharpshooters of the Black Guard units.
Corporal Anastacio Félix – 4th Company, Morong Battalion the first Filipino casualty of the Philippine–American War.
= Notable officers and servicemen and their ethnic background
=Army
Navy
Captain Simplicio Agoncillo Orosa - Captain of the first steam flagship of the navy, SS Bulusan.
Captain Vicente Catalan – Captain of the Philippine Navy ship Filipinas. A Criollo from Cuba and a former member of the Spanish Navy. Admiral of the Philippine Navy.
See also
Military history of the Philippines
Katipunan
Luna Sharpshooters
Armed Forces of the Philippines
Philippine Army
History of the Philippine Army
References
= Bibliography
=In popular media
The Philippine revolutionary army has been mentioned in several books and films.
= Books
== Films
=Teniente Rosario (1937)
Dugo sa Kapirasong Lupa (1975)
Ganito Kami Noon, Paano Kayo Ngayon? (1976)
Aguila (1980)
Tirad Pass: The Last Stand of Gen. Gregorio del Pilar (1996)
José Rizal (1998)
Baler (2008)
Amigo (2010)
El Presidente (2012)
Bonifacio: Ang Unang Pangulo (2014)
Heneral Luna (2015)
Goyo: Ang Batang Heneral (2018)
External links
Philippines Independence Armies: Insignia 1896 – 1902
"Artemio Ricarte". Archived from the original on August 9, 2011. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
Images of Filipino Republican Army rayadillo tunics
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
- Sejarah Filipina (1898–1946)
- Konflik Moro
- Korps Marinir Amerika Serikat
- Apple Inc.
- Daftar konflik bersenjata yang sedang berlangsung
- Daftar tokoh YouTube
- Academy Awards ke-81
- Philippine Revolutionary Army
- Philippine Army
- List of weapons of the Philippine Revolution
- Luna Sharpshooters
- Chief of the Army (Philippines)
- Artemio Ricarte
- Revolutionary Proletarian Army
- First Philippine Republic
- List of Filipino generals in the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine–American War
- Philippine–American War
