• Source: Pioneer program

The Pioneer programs were two series of United States lunar and planetary space probes exploration. The first program, which ran from 1958 to 1960, unsuccessfully attempted to send spacecraft to orbit the Moon, successfully sent one spacecraft to fly by the Moon, and successfully sent one spacecraft to investigate interplanetary space between the orbits of Earth and Venus. The second program, which ran from 1965 to 1992, sent four spacecraft to measure interplanetary space weather, two to explore Jupiter and Saturn, and two to explore Venus. The two outer planet probes, Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11, became the first two of five artificial objects to achieve the escape velocity that will allow them to leave the Solar System, and carried a golden plaque each depicting a man and a woman and information about the origin and the creators of the probes, in case any extraterrestrials find them someday.




Naming


Credit for naming the first probe has been attributed to Stephen A. Saliga, who had been assigned to the Air Force Orientation Group, Wright-Patterson AFB, as chief designer of Air Force exhibits. While he was at a briefing, the spacecraft was described to him, as, a "lunar-orbiting vehicle, with an infrared scanning device." Saliga thought the title too long, and lacked theme for an exhibit design. He suggested, "Pioneer", as the name of the probe, since "the Army had already launched and orbited the Explorer satellite, and their Public Information Office was identifying the Army, as, 'Pioneers in Space,'" and, by adopting the name, the Air Force would "make a 'quantum jump' as to who, really, [were] the 'Pioneers' in space.'"




Early missions


The earliest missions were attempts to achieve Earth's escape velocity, simply to show it was feasible and to study the Moon. This included the first launch by NASA which was formed from the old NACA. These missions were carried out by the Air Force Ballistic Missile Division, Army, and NASA.




= Able space probes (1958–1960)

=




= Juno II lunar probes (1958–1959)

=
Pioneer 3 – Lunar flyby, missed Moon due to launcher failure December 6, 1958
Pioneer 4 – Lunar flyby, achieved Earth escape velocity, launched March 3, 1959




Later missions (1965–1978)



Five years after the early Able space probe missions ended, NASA Ames Research Center used the Pioneer name for a new series of missions, initially aimed at the inner Solar System, before the flyby missions to Jupiter and Saturn. While successful, the missions returned much poorer images than the Voyager program probes would five years later. In 1978, the end of the program saw a return to the inner Solar System, with the Pioneer Venus Orbiter and Multiprobe, this time using orbital insertion rather than flyby missions.
The new missions were numbered beginning with Pioneer 6 (alternate names in parentheses).




= Interplanetary weather

=
The spacecraft in Pioneer missions 6, 7, 8, and 9 comprised a new interplanetary space weather network:

Pioneer 6 (Pioneer A) – launched December 1965
Pioneer 7 (Pioneer B) – launched August 1966
Pioneer 8 (Pioneer C) – launched December 1967
Pioneer 9 (Pioneer D) – launched November 1968 (inactive since 1983)
Pioneer E – lost in launcher failure August 1969
Pioneer 6 and Pioneer 9 are in solar orbits with 0.8 AU distance to the Sun. Their orbital periods are therefore slightly shorter than Earth's. Pioneer 7 and Pioneer 8 are in solar orbits with 1.1 AU distance to the Sun. Their orbital periods are therefore slightly longer than Earth's. Since the probes' orbital periods differ from that of the Earth, from time to time, they face a side of the Sun that cannot be seen from Earth. The probes can sense parts of the Sun several days before the Sun's rotation reveals it to ground-based Earth orbiting observatories.




= Outer Solar System missions

=

Pioneer 10 (Pioneer F) – Jupiter, interstellar medium, launched March 1972
Pioneer 11 (Pioneer G) – Jupiter, Saturn, interstellar medium, launched April 1973
Pioneer H – proposed out-of-ecliptic mission for 1974, never launched. Would have used flight spare for Pioneers 10 and 11.




= Venus project

=

Pioneer Venus Orbiter (Pioneer Venus 1, Pioneer 12) – launched May 1978
Pioneer Venus Multiprobe (Pioneer Venus 2, Pioneer 13) – launched August 1978
Pioneer Venus Probe Bus – transport vehicle and upper atmosphere probe
Pioneer Venus Large Probe – 300 kg parachuted probe
Pioneer Venus North Probe – 75 kg impactor probe
Pioneer Venus Night Probe – 75 kg impactor probe
Pioneer Venus Day Probe – 75 kg impactor probe




See also


Mariner program
Pioneer anomaly
Ranger program
Surveyor program
Timeline of Solar System exploration
Voyager program




References






External links



Pioneer (Moon) Program Page by NASA's Solar System Exploration
Mark Wolverton's The Depths of Space online
Thor Able – Encyclopedia Astronautica
Space Technology Laboratories Documents Archive
WebGL-based 3D artist's view of Pioneer @ SPACECRAFTS 3D

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Program Pioneer
• Pioneer 11
• Pioneer 4
• Pioneer Venus Orbiter
• Plakat Pioneer
• Pioneer 10
• Pioneer Corporation
• Pioneer Venus Multiprobe
• Penjelajahan antariksa
• Program Voyager
• Pioneer program
• Pioneer Venus project
• Pioneer 6, 7, 8, and 9
• Pioneer 2
• Pioneer 5
• Pioneer 0
• Pioneer 1
• Pioneer plaque
• Pioneer 10
• Pioneer 11