- Source: Private road
A private road is a road owned or controlled by a private person, persons or corporation rather than a road open to the public and owned by a government. Private roads can be on private land or can be constructed on government land for use by government agencies or by agreements for access to private facilities.
Private roads are private property and are not usually open to the public. Unauthorized use of a private road may be trespassing. In some cases, the owner of a private road may permit the general public to use the road. Road regulations that apply to a public road may not apply to private roads. Common types of private roads include roads retained in subdivisions of land but not dedicated to the public, residential roads maintained by a homeowners association, housing co-operative or other group of homeowners and roads for access to industrial facilities such as forests, mines, power stations and telecommunications.
By country
There are also networks of private highways in Italy and other nations. Such highways typically are toll roads whose upkeep is paid for with user fees, for example, the Dulles Greenway in Virginia, United States.
England and Wales are thought to have about 40,000 private roads. They are not normally the responsibility of the local authority, but the authority may provide services such as street lighting. They normally have to be maintained by residents. They are referred to as unadopted roads because they have not gone through the statutory process of adoption, for example under Highways Act 1980 s37 or s38. Even if not expressly or implicitly dedicated for public use, public use over time may nonetheless have created public rights of way; though by Part 6 of the Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006, in force from 2 May 2006, many public rights of way for motor vehicles in private roads have now been extinguished.
In Sweden, private road associations manage two thirds of the total road network. However, only four per cent of the total road transportation work is carried on them, mostly rural roads. In fact, only one per cent of the road transports are made on the half of the roads that do not receive government subsidies for their maintenance, with the bulk not receiving subsidies being built and maintained by the forestry industry as needed and most often closed to the public. New private roads that receive government support are often built by the government and transferred to the roads principal stakeholders, those living along it. These form a private road association to maintain it and get subsidies from the government to keep it open to the rest of the public. Even after factoring in the unpaid work of the members of the association, the cost of operation and maintenance is often considerably less than a comparable public road. Finland is similar, with 280,000 km of private roads and only 78,000 km of public roads.
In Canada private roads are main access routes or private driveways onto private property. These roads are typically maintained by private owners of the land they occupy. Some private roads are maintained by a municipality and are open to the public. Many private roads do not have any name signage other than a sign indicating the ownership status; however, in some cities private roads are given conventional street names through the municipal addressing system. One notable private road, the Sultan Industrial Road in Northern Ontario, is 80 kilometres long and forms part of the only existing route between two major provincial highways; it is thus under a public access agreement permitting its use by the public, and nearly half of all traffic on the road in a 2016 study consisted of passenger vehicles rather than company trucks.
In the Czech Republic and Slovakia, all roads of higher categories are public by law. Just the lowest category can be private. This category is called "účelová komunikace" ("účelová komunikácia" in Slovak), the adjective "účelový" can be translated as "purpose-built", special-purpose" or "utilitarian". The road law distinguish "publicly accessible" and "closed" (in a closed area) special-purpose roads. This category includes roads that are used exclusively to connect a private structure or plots to the road network, but also field and forest roads, areas such as car parks, public transport terminals, roads within industrial, military, hospital or school premises and areas etc. Private roads outside closed areas are largely subject to public law and public traffic on them can be restricted only with the consent of state authorities (public accessibility of the landscape is also protected by law). In most cases, they are not distinguished from municipal or regional roads by any signs.
See also
Free-market road (concept of right-libertarian philosophies, especially anarcho-capitalism and minarchism)
Private highway
Private highways in the United States
Dirt road
References
- Source: Private Road
Private Road is a 1971 British drama film directed by Barney Platts-Mills and starring Susan Penhaligon and Bruce Robinson. It was Platts-Mills second feature, following his debut with Bronco Bullfrog (1970).
Plot
Peter Morrisey is an author who has just published his first novel. He meets receptionist Ann Halpern and falls in love. They spend some time in a cottage in Scotland living an idyllic pastoral life, then return to London.
Peter gets a job at an advertising agency as a copywriter. Ann becomes pregnant and Peter asks her to marry him but she refuses. To Peter's shock, Ann decides to have an abortion without talking to him about it first. After a spell in hospital Ann returns home and her father gives her a house. Peter returns to his flat alone, still thinking that he will marry Ann.
With his friend Stephen, Peter breaks into an office block and steals a typewriter so he can resume his writing career.
Cast
Susan Penhaligon as Ann Halpern
Bruce Robinson as Peter Morrissey
Michael Feast as Stephen
Robert Brown as Mr. Halpern
George Fenton as Henry
Kathleen Byron as Mrs. Halpern
Patricia Cutts as Erica Talbot
Trevor Adams as Alex Marvel
Susan Brodrick as Sylvia Halpern (credited as Susan Broderick)
Paul Harper as Clarke
Catherine Howe as Iverna
Roger Hammond as 1st advertising executive
John Keogh as 2nd advertising executive
Robert Sessions as 3rd advertising executive
Joanna Ross as Mrs Talbot's secretary
Pamela Moiseiwitsch as office secretary
Julia Wright as nurse
Production
= Background
=
Platts-Mills got the idea for the script from an F. Scott Fitzgerald story.
According to the BFI, the movie "was a conscious effort to fit with the more mainstream, commercial filmmaking model than Bronco was" and the filmmakers determined to release it themselves.
= Shooting
=
Shooting mostly took place in Notting Hill and Westbourne Grove. Filming was completed by October 1970.
Release
The film had its debut in a Notting Hill cinema on 30 September 1971.
= Critical reception
=
The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote: "The social milieu has changed since Barney Platts-Mills' last feature film, with suburban Surrey and neo-Bohemian London replacing the East End of Bronco Bullfrog. But if the characters have gone up in the world, Platts-Mills' preoccupation is much the same: is personal freedom worthwhile, or possible, at the cost of social and parental ostracism? As in Bronco Bullfrog, he charts his story as an alternating pattern of escape and frustration. ... It is a tribute to Bruce Robinson's performance, skittish and morose by turns and with a habitual expression of tousled dismay, that the character emerges as both vivid and sympathetic. And despite the use of professional actors, Private Road has much of Bronco Bullfrog's resourceful spontaneity. ... Glances and silences tell as much as dialogue, most notably in the hilariously embarrassing meeting between Ann's parents and Peter's junkie friend. All contribute to the feeling that these are real characters against a real background. In Bronco Bullfrog they virtually were; but in the professional context of Private Road it says much for Platis-Mills own powers of sympathetic observation, his eye for casually revealing tricks of human behaviour."
Variety said Platts-Mills "shows a greater maturity and depth for a film that should get youthful and adult audience interest with careful placement."
Alexander Walker reviewing the film at Cannes called it "lovely, unsentimental, well observed... someone in London show it quickly."
The movie screened at the 1971 Edinburgh Film Festival where the Daily Telegraph praised its "honesty".
Sight and Sound gave the film a two-page positive review.
= Accolades
=
The film won the Golden Leopard at the Locarno International Film Festival.
= Home media
=
After several years out of print it was reissued on Blu-ray and DVD by the BFI in 2011 as part of their Flipside reissue program.
References
External links
Private Road at IMDb
Private Road at Letterbox
Private Road at BFI
Review of film at Pop Matters
Review of film at Spinning Image
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