• Source: Stone wall

Stone walls are a kind of masonry construction that has been used for thousands of years. The first stone walls were constructed by farmers and primitive people by piling loose field stones into a dry stone wall. Later, mortar and plaster were used, especially in the construction of city walls, castles, and other fortifications before and during the Middle Ages. These stone walls are spread throughout the world in different forms.




Materials


Stone walls are usually made of local materials varying from limestone and flint to granite and sandstone. However, the quality of building stone varies greatly, both in its endurance to weathering, resistance to water penetration and in its ability to be worked into regular shapes before construction. Worked stone is usually known as ashlar, and is often used for corners in stone buildings. Granite is very resistant to weathering, while some limestones are very weak. Other limestones, such as Portland stone, are more weather-resistant.




Dimensions


Large structures are typically constructed with thick walls, such as those found in castles and cathedrals, which can reach up to 12 feet in thickness. These walls generally consist of a layered stone exterior and rubble infill.




Examples


The Great Wall of China, China. A grandiose 5,000 km long structure - 4,000 km across mountains, prairie and desert.
Hadrian's Wall, Great Britain. When in 117 AD the Picts who inhabited Scotland defeated the famous XI Spanish legion, Emperor Hadrian decided to fence off his malevolent neighbours. This is how Hadrian's Wall (122-126) and then Antoninus' Wall (142-144) were first erected. The dimensions of both structures are impressive - 120 and 63 km respectively. Built of peat and stone, they are not as well preserved as many other buildings of the era.
Aurelian's Wall, Rome, Italy. With this wall, Emperor Aurelian wanted to protect the city from invading barbarians. He was in a great hurry and the monumental structure, 19 km in circumference, 8 m high and 3.4 m thick, was built in only 5 years (271-275).
Avila, Spain. The 12 m high and 3 m thick stone walls, 9 gates and 88 towers represent a well-preserved medieval fortress. It was built between the 11th and 14th centuries on the site of Arab and Roman fortifications.
Essaouira, Morocco. An 18th century international design: with the help of European engineers and architects, Sultan Mohammed III Ben Abdallah created a "beautifully designed fortress", which is how the name Es-Saouira translates.
Greater Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe. The ancient and largest sub-Saharan African city, it was built from the 11th to the 14th century and at its peak it was inhabited by some 18,000 people.
The ramparts of Old Quebec, Canada. Europeans established their first settlement here in 1535 - it was called "canada" (in the language of the natives, "village", "settlement"). The city of Quebec came later, in 1608, but today its fortress walls are the oldest in North America.
Sacsayhuaman, Cusco, Peru. The ancient city of Cusco resembles a puma (the sacred animal of the ruling dynasty) in outline and the six-metre high fortress walls are its "teeth".
Castillo San Felipe de Barajas, Cartagena, Colombia. One of Colombia's Seven Wonders, the 16th century fortress is known for its walls, thick at the base and tapering at the top.




See also


Dry-stone wall – Construction methodPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Defensive wall – Fortification used to protect an area from potential aggressors
Earth structure – Building or other structure made largely from soil
Fieldstone – Building material
NIST stone test wall
Stonemasonry – Creation of buildings, structures, and sculpture using stone




References

• Source: Stonewall

Stonewall or Stone wall may refer to:

Stone wall, a kind of masonry construction
Stonewalling, engaging in uncooperative or delaying tactics
Stonewall riots, a 1969 turning point for the modern LGBTQ rights movement in Greenwich Village, New York City




Places


Stone Wall (Australia), an escarpment overlooking the Murchison River Gorge
Stonewall, Manitoba, Canada




= United States

=
Stonewall, California, an 1870s mining camp in the Cuyamaca Mountains
Stonewall, Georgia
Stonewall, Louisiana
Stonewall, Mississippi
Stonewall, North Carolina
Stonewall, Oklahoma
Stonewall County, Texas
Stonewall, Texas, in Gillespie County
Stonewall, West Virginia




Arts and entertainment


Stonewall, a 1993 account of the Stonewall riots by Martin Duberman
Stonewall (1995 film), about the riots
Stonewall (2015 film), about the riots
Stonewall (comics), a character in the Marvel universe
Stonewall (opera), an opera commissioned by New York City Opera
Stonewall Book Award, a set of three literary awards
The Stonewall Chorale, an LGBT choir based in New York City, founded in 1979
The Stonewall Operas, four mini-operas commissioned by New York University
Stonewalling, a 2022 Chinese film edited by Liao Ching-sung




= Games

=
Stonewall: The Battle of Kernstown, a 1978 board wargame that simulates the First Battle of Kernstown
Stonewall (solitaire)
Stonewall Attack, a chess opening
Stonewall Variation, in the Dutch Defence chess opening




Events


Stonewall 50 – WorldPride NYC 2019, events marking the fiftieth anniversary of the riots




Military


CSS Stonewall, a French-built warship built for the Confederate States Navy
Operation Stonewall, a World War II military operation
Stonewall Brigade, an American Civil War Confederate unit
USS Stonewall Jackson (SSBN-634), a ballistic missile submarine




Organizations and landmarks






= Australia

=
Stonewall Resources, an Australian mining company




= United Kingdom

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Stonewall (charity), the largest British LGBT rights organisation, formed in 1989
Stonewall F.C., a British gay football team




= United States

=
Stonewall (Rocky Mount, North Carolina), a NRHP-listed plantation house
Stonewall Columbus (formerly Stonewall Union), LGBTQ organization in Columbus, Ohio founded in 1981.
Stonewall Democrats, a United States Democratic Party caucus
Stonewall Young Democrats, an affiliated youth-based organization
Stonewall Inn, site of the 1969 Stonewall riots in Greenwich Village, Manhattan, New York City
Stonewall National Monument, a park and landmark adjacent to the inn
Stonewall Jackson Hotel, a hotel in Staunton, Virginia originally named after General Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson. Renamed Hotel 24 South in 2020.
Stonewall of Miami Beach, a mixed disco that hosted the 1974 Wild Side Story
Stonewall National Museum and Archives, an LGBT museum and library in Fort Lauderdale, Florida not directly related to the inn or the riots
Stonewall House, an LGBTQ supportive housing development in Brooklyn, NY.




People


Erling Stonewall (died 1207), a 13th-century Norwegian pretender to the throne
Stonewall Jackson (1824–1863), American Civil War Confederate general, Professor of Physics, Virginia Military Institute
Stonewall Jackson (musician) (1932–2021), country musician




See also


Stonewall Uprising (2010), a documentary film
Before Stonewall, a 1984 documentary film
After Stonewall, a 1999 documentary film
Montreal's Stonewall, a 1990 police raid on Sex Garage
Dry stone, a method of building without mortar

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