- Source: Takdir Nyata
Takdiri Nyata (bahasa Inggris: Manifest Destiny) adalah keyakinan kuat orang Amerika pada abad ke-19 bahwa Amerika Serikat ditakdirkan untuk meluas melintasi benua. Konsep ini terlahir sebagai "Arah misi untuk menebus Dunia Lama dengan teladan yang tinggi ... yang dibangkitkan oleh potensialitas dunia baru untuk membangun surga baru" Frasa ini berarti ada banyak hal yang berbeda-beda dalam banyak rakyat yang berbeda-beda. Persatuan definisi yang ada berujung pada "perluasan, telah dirancang oleh Surga". Para politisi dari pertengahan abad ke-19 menggunakan frasa ini untuk menjelaskan keperluan akan perluasan, jauh melampaui Teritorial Louisiana.
Manifest Destiny memberikan dogma dan seruan bagi pengambil-alihan wilayah Amerika Serikat terluas sepanjang sejarah. Frasa ini digunakan oleh kaum Demokrat pada dasawarsa 1840-an untuk membenarkan perang dengan Meksiko dan juga digunakan untuk merebut bagian-bagian Oregon dari Imperium Britania. Tetapi Manifest Destiny selalu tertatih-tatih karena keterbatasan internal dan isu perbudakan, dan tidak pernah menjadi prioritas nasional. Pada tahun 1843 John Quincy Adams, seorang penyokong terdepan, mengubah pikirannya dan menolak Manifest Destiny karena ia mengandung arti perluasan perbudakan di Texas.
Peninggalannya merupakan sesuatu yang kompleks. Keyakinan dalam misi Amerika untuk mempromosikan dan mempertahankan demokrasi ke seluruh dunia, seperti yang telah diuraikan oleh Abraham Lincoln dan kemudian oleh Woodrow Wilson dan George W. Bush, tetap berpengaruh bagi ideologi politik Amerika.
Lihat pula
Kolonialisme
Imperialisme
Iredentisme
Catatan
Referensi
Adams, Sean Patrick (2008). The Early American Republic: A Documentary Reader. Wiley–Blackwell. ISBN 9781405160988.
Bryan, William Jennings (1899). Republic or Empire?.
Beveridge, Albert J. (1908). The Meaning of the Times and Other Speeches. Indianapolis: The Bobbs–Merrill Company.
Crenshaw, Ollinger (1941). "The Knights of the Golden Circle: The Career of George Bickley". The American Historical Review. 1 (42): 23–50.
Crocker, H. W. (2006). Don't tread on me: a 400-year history of America at war, from Indian fighting to terrorist hunting. Crown Forum. ISBN 9781400053636.
Cheery, Conrad (1998). God's New Israel. The University of North Carolina Press. hlm. 424. ISBN 978-0807847541. Diakses tanggal 2012-08-02.
Greene, Laurence (2008). The Filibuster. New York: Kessinger Publishing, LLC. hlm. 384. ISBN 978-1436695312. Diakses tanggal 2012-08-02.
Fisher, Philip (1985). Hard facts: setting and form in the American novel. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195035285.
Fuller, John Douglas Pitts (1936). The movement for the acquisition of all Mexico, 1846–1848. Johns Hopkins Press.
Greenberg, Amy S. (2005). Manifest manhood and the antebellum American empire. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521840965.
Hietala, Thomas R. (February 2003). Manifest Design: American Exceptionalism and Empire. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801488467. Previously published as Hietala, Thomas R. (1985). Manifest design: anxious aggrandizement in late Jacksonian America. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801417351.
Hudson, Linda S. (2001). Mistress of Manifest Destiny: a biography of Jane McManus Storm Cazneau, 1807–1878. Texas State Historical Association. ISBN 9780876111796.
Johannsen, Robert Walter (1997). Manifest destiny and empire: American antebellum expansionism. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 9780890967560.
Klinghoffer, Arthur Jay (2006). The power of projections: how maps reflect global politics and history. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780275991357.
Ford, Paul L., ed. (2010). Works of Thomas Jefferson, IX. Cosmo Press Inc. ISBN 9781616402105.
May, Robert E. (2004). Manifest Destiny's Underworld. The University of North Carolina Press. hlm. 448. ISBN 978-0807855812. Diakses tanggal 2012-08-02.
Mattelart, Armand (1996). The Invention of Communication. U of Minnesota Press. ISBN 9780816626977.
McDougall, Walter A. (1997). Promised land, crusader state: the American encounter with the world since 1776. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 9780395830857.
Merk, Frederick; Bannister, Lois (1963). Manifest destiny and Mission in American History. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674548053.
Prucha, Francis Paul (1995). The great father: the United States government and the American Indians. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-8734-1.
Ripley, Peter C. (1985). The Black Abolitionist Papers. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. hlm. 646.
Rossiter, Clinton (1950). "The American Mission". The American Scholar. The American Scholar (20): 19–20.
Sampson, Robert (2003). John L. O'Sullivan and his times. Kent State University Press. ISBN 9780873387453.
Stephanson, Anders (1996). Manifest destiny: American expansionism and the empire of right. Hill and Wang. ISBN 9780809015849.
Stuart, Reginald C. (1988). United States expansionism and British North America, 1775–1871. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807817674.
Somkin, Fred (1967). Unquiet Eagle: Memory and Desire in the Idea of American Freedom, 1815–1860. Ithaca, N.Y.
Strong, Josiah (1885). Our Country. Baker and Taylor Company.
Tuveson, Ernest Lee (1980). Redeemer nation: the idea of America's millennial role. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226819211.
Weeks, William Earl (1996). Building the continental empire: American expansion from the Revolution to the Civil War. Ivan R. Dee. ISBN 9781566631358.
Ward, John William (1962). Andrew Jackson : Symbol for an Age: Symbol for an Age. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-992320-5.
Weinberg, Albert Katz; Walter Hines Page School of International Relations (1935). Manifest destiny: a study of nationalist expansionism in American history. The Johns Hopkins Press. ISBN 0404147062.
Wanklyn, Harriet (1961). Friedrich Ratzel: A Biographical Memoir and Bibliography.
Bacaan lanjut
= Artikel jurnal
=
Dunning, Mike (2001). "Manifest Destiny and the Trans-Mississippi South: Natural Laws and the Extension of Slavery into Mexico". Journal of Popular Culture. 35 (2): 111–127. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3840.2001.00111.x. ISSN 0022-3840. Fulltext: Ebsco.
Pinheiro, John C (2003). "'Religion Without Restriction': Anti-catholicism, All Mexico, and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo". Journal of the Early Republic. 23 (1): 69–96. doi:10.2307/3124986. ISSN 0275-1275.
Sampson, Robert D (2002). "The Pacifist-reform Roots of John L. O'Sullivan's Manifest Destiny". Mid-America. 84 (1-3): 129–144. ISSN 0026-2927.
= Buku
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Brown, Charles Henry (January 1980). Agents of manifest destiny: the lives and times of the filibusters. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807813614.
Burns, Edward McNall (1957). The American idea of mission: concepts of national purpose and destiny. Rutgers University Press.
Fresonke, Kris (2003). West of Emerson: the design of manifest destiny. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520231856.
Gould, Lewis L. (1980). The Presidency of William McKinley. Regents Press of Kansas. ISBN 9780700602063.
Graebner, Norman A. (1968). Manifest destiny. Bobbs–Merrill. ISBN 0672509865.
Heidler, David Stephen; Heidler, Jeanne T. (2003). Manifest destiny. Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313323089.
Hofstadter, Richard (1965). "Cuba, the Philippines, and Manifest Destiny". The paranoid style in American politics: and other essays. Knopf.
Horsman, Reginald (1981). Race and manifest destiny: The origins of American racial Anglo-Saxonism. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674948051.
May, Robert E. (2002). Manifest destiny's underworld: filibustering in antebellum America. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807827031.
Morrison, Michael A. (18 August 1999). Slavery and the American West: The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War. UNC Press Books. ISBN 9780807847961.
Sampson, Robert (2003). John L. O'Sullivan and his times. Kent State University Press. ISBN 9780873387453.
Smith, Gene A. (2000). Thomas Ap Catesby Jones: commodore of Manifest Destiny. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9781557508485.
Pranala luar
Manifest Destiny dan Perang Meksiko-Amerika: Dulu dan Kini
Pidato Pelantikan Presiden Polk
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
7.001
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