• Source: Taoniinae

Taoniinae is a subfamily containing ten genera of glass squids.




Description



Unlike Cranchiinae Pfeffer, 1912, the other subfamily within Cranchiidae Prosch, 1847, Taoniinae all lack cartilaginous strips which extend back from the funnel-mantle point of fusion. Their funnels are free laterally, and they have one to three photophores on the eyes. The largest photophore is crescent-shaped for most genera, but it's triangular in Helicocranchia, a semicircle in Bathothauma, and circular in Sandalops. This is in contrast to glass squids in the subfamily Cranchiinae, which have at least four small photophores which are round or oval in shape.
In addition, males lack hectocotyli; these are arms which have evolved to specialize in storage and transfer of spermatophores to females. Taoniinae are also often larger than Cranchiinae and have darker beaks. Another characteristic is that a Taoniinae's caecum, is smaller than its stomach; in Cranchiinae, the caecum is larger than the stomach.




Taxonomic history and synonyms


When Georg Johann Pfeffer circumscribed this subfamily in 1912, he grouped its genera into three tribes:

Taonius-like Taoniinae
Phasmatopsis Rochebrune, 1884
Toxeuma Chun, 1906
Taonius Steenstrup, 1861
Desmoteuthis Verrill, 1881
Megalocranchia Pfeffer, 1884
Taonidium Pfeffer, 1900
Crystalloteuthis Chun, 1906
Phasmatoteuthion Pfeffer, 1912
Galiteuthis Joubin, 1898
Corynomma Chun, 1906
Teuthowenia-like Taoniinae
Teuthowenia Chun, 1910
Bathothauma-like Taoniinae
Bathothauma Chun, 1906
Synonyms of Taoniinae include Galiteuthinae Berry, 1912 and Teuthoweniinae Grimpe, 1922. S. Stillman Berry's 1912 circumscription of the subfamily Galiteuthinae only consisted of its type genus Galiteuthis Joubin, 1898. Like Pfeffer's Taoniinae, this was a subfamily within the family Cranchiidae Prosch, 1847. This was in contrast to Louis Joubin's classification, which placed Galiteuthis in a new, distinct family: Cranchionychiae Joubin, 1898. Georg Grimpe's 1922 circumscription of Teuthoweniinae included its type genus Teuthowenia Chun, 1910 as well as Hensenioteuthis Pfeffer, 1900, Helicocranchia Massy, 1907, and Sandalops Chun, 1906. He placed the genus Bathothauma Chun, 1906 into a new family, Bathothaumatidae Grimpe, 1922, now just treated as a junior synonym of Cranchiidae. Subsequent research did not pay much heed to Grimpe's taxonomy.




Phylogeny


Below is Nancy A. Voss and Robert S. Voss's 1983 proposal for a phylogeny of the Taoniinae subfamily.




Genera and species



As of 2017, the World Register of Marine Species classifies the Taoniinae as containing ten genera; they classify Belonella as a synonym of Taonius following Nancy A. Voss. However, Patrizia Jereb and Clyde F. E. Roper recognize Belonella as a distinct genus from Taonius, although they also note they are a frequently synonymized. Jereb and Roper also note Kir Nazimovich Nesis and Takashi Okutani as teuthologists who rejected Voss's synonymization of Belonella. Nesis's classification had Taonius consisting of only the single species T. pavo, and had Belonella consisting of B. belone Chun, 1906, B. borealis Nesis, 1972 and an undescribed species from the Antarctic.

Genus Bathothauma Chun, 1906
Bathothauma lyromma Chun, 1906
Genus Egea Joubin, 1933
Egea inermis Joubin, 1933
Genus Galiteuthis Joubin, 1898
Galiteuthis armata Joubin, 1898, armed cranch squid
Galiteuthis glacialis (Chun, 1906)
Galiteuthis pacifica (Robson, 1948)
Galiteuthis phyllura Berry, 1911
Galiteuthis suhmi (Hoyle, 1886)
Genus Helicocranchia Massy, 1907
Helicocranchia joubini (Voss, 1962)
Helicocranchia papillata (Voss, 1960)
Helicocranchia pfefferi Massy, 1907
Genus Liguriella Issel, 1908
Liguriella podophthalma Issel, 1908
Genus Megalocranchia Pfeffer, 1884
Megalocranchia fisheri (Berry, 1909)
Megalocranchia maxima Pfeffer, 1884
Megalocranchia oceanica (Voss, 1960)
Genus Mesonychoteuthis Robson, 1925
Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni, colossal squid or Antarctic cranch squid
Genus Sandalops Chun, 1906
Sandalops melancholicus Chun, 1906, sandal-eyed equid
Genus Taonius Steenstrup, 1861
Taonius borealis (Nesis, 1972)
Taonius pavo (Lesueur, 1821)
Taonius belone (Chun, 1906)
Genus Teuthowenia Chun, 1910
Teuthowenia maculata (Leach, 1817)
Teuthowenia megalops (Prosch, 1849), Atlantic cranch squid
Teuthowenia pellucida (Chun, 1910), googly-eyed glass squid




Notes






References






External links

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Cumi-cumi kolosal
• Cranchiidae
• Taoniinae
• Cranchiidae
• Squid
• Colossal squid
• Cranchioidea
• Taonius borealis
• Taonius
• Helicocranchia pfefferi
• Bathothauma lyromma
• Galiteuthis glacialis