• Source: Tin mining in Indonesia

Indonesia is the world's second-largest producer of tin and largest exporter. Tin mining activities in Indonesia are concentrated in the Bangka Belitung Islands province with some production in nearby areas. Exports of tin from the region predated European colonization, with the Dutch East India Company commencing commercial exploitation in the 18th century. Large mining concerns controlled tin production throughout the 19th and much of the 20th century under both Dutch and Indonesian governments.
Following the dissolution of the state-owned mining company PT Timah and the fall of Suharto in the 1990s, small-scale artisanal mining had become the dominant producer. The wide extent of mining activities on Bangka and Belitung has had significant environmental impact, with a large number of unreclaimed mining pits or kolong covering the islands' landscape. Smuggling and child labor have become issues in the industry. Poor safety measures has also resulted in hundreds of miners being killed in accidents.




History



Small-scale mining of tin in modern Indonesia might have occurred in Bangka by the 7th century, with some exports from Bangka by the 13th century. After Dutch arrival in the region, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) signed a treaty with the Palembang Sultanate which granted the VOC monopoly rights over Bangka's tin trade in 1722. Tin mining was further developed in Bangka in the 18th century, with migrant workers from China working the mines. Large tin deposits were further discovered in 1823 at the neighboring island of Belitung, and Billiton Maatschappij (today BHP) was founded to exploit Belitung's tin, obtaining a concession over the island's mineral rights in 1860. Billiton continued operations for some time after Indonesian independence, until Dutch mining operations in Indonesia were seized in 1958.
The Indonesian state-owned PT Timah company was established in 1976 to exploit the deposits in Bangka and Belitung. Due to declines in global tin prices, the company underwent large-scale restructurization in 1990, laying off 26 thousand employees. Following the fall of Suharto in 1998, deregulation of mining activities resulted in a boom of small-scale mining activities, with a large proportion being illegal. It was estimated in 2019 that small-scale miners made up 60 percent of Indonesian tin production and covered 50 thousand workers. PT Timah alone employed or outsourced around 10 thousand workers in 2023.
Another major tin mining center was Singkep, near Bangka and Belitung but part of Riau Islands. Legal mining operations on the island ceased in 1991 following Timah's restructurization, although illegal mining activities continued on the island with some arrests in 2023.




Statistics


The Indonesian Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources reported in 2020 that Indonesia was the world's second-largest producer of tin behind China, with an annual production of 78 thousand tonnes and a proven deposit of 800 thousand tonnes. The country was also the largest tin exporter globally, with Indonesian exports making up 32 percent of the international trade in 2020, worth USD 1.11 billion. Around 90 percent of national production originated from Bangka and Belitung, with smaller amounts being mined in Riau, Riau Islands, and West Kalimantan. Tin smuggling is a significant issue, with the Indonesia Corruption Watch estimating that around one-fifth of Indonesian exports between 2004 and 2013 being smuggled.
In 2023, tin mining concessions covered over 1 million hectares – approximately one-eighth of the province's total land and sea area. Mining activities, dominated by tin mining, contributed around 15 percent to both the employment and provincial economic output of Bangka Belitung.
The tin ores involved are primarily alluvial ores with a large proportion of reserves being offshore tin-rich sand mined through dredging.




Impact



Tin mining activity on Bangka and Belitung has had significant environmental impact. The Indonesian Forum for Environment (Walhi) reported in 2023 that 240 thousand hectares of mangrove forests had been damaged by tin mining activities, along with over 5 thousand hectares of coral reefs. A series of arrests in 2023 over illegal mining between 2015 and 2022 cited the cost associated with environmental damage at Rp 271 trillion (~USD 17 billion). Large numbers of pepper plantations, the province's other major export commodity, has been converted to illegal mines.
Walhi also tallied over 12 thousand unreclaimed open tin mining pits, known locally as kolong, in the province. The pits took up an area of over 15 thousand hectares. The kolong are prone to erosion around its rim, and contained blue or green-colored water with high heavy metal content. Due to the unusual shade of the water, along with the white sands surrounding the kolong, some have become tourist attractions, with one in Koba receiving around 100 thousand visitors in 2019.
Artisanal tin mining remains a dangerous activity, with 81 miners reported killed in working accidents between 2019 and 2023 and "hundreds" estimated to have died since the spread of small-scale mining. In the same period, 13 children were also killed due to drowning in the kolong water. The miner deaths have been attributed to the lack of safety knowledge among the small-scale miners, who had not been involved in mining activities during the colonial and corporate mining periods. The International Labour Organization estimated in 2015 that there were 6,300 child laborers in tin mining activities in Bangka Belitung.




References

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