- Source: Urban rail transit in China
Urban rail transit in China encompasses a broad range of urban and suburban electric passenger rail mass transit systems including subway, light rail, tram and maglev. Some classifications also include non-rail bus rapid transport.
As of April 2024, China has the world's longest urban rail transit system with 10,273.7 km (6,383.8 mi) of urban rail nationwide in 310 metro lines in 54 cities, accounting for 9 of the 10 longest metro systems, with the exceptions of the Moscow Metro.
Half of the top 10 busiest metro systems are in China, and the Beijing Subway, though started operating in 1971, is now the longest metro system worldwide.
History
Several Chinese cities had urban electric tramways in the early 20th century, most of which were dismantled in the 1950s–1970s. The only surviving tramways are in Dalian (Dairen) and Changchun (see trams in Dalian and trams in Changchun). Nanjing (Nanking) had an urban railway from 1907 to 1958.
The first subway in China was built in Beijing in 1969 (but it was only handed to civilian control in 1981 and trial operations ended later in the same year; before which credentials were required). The Tianjin Metro followed in 1984. The MTR Corporation Limited from across the border in Hong Kong has investment, consulting and management stakes in the rapid transit systems of several mainland Chinese cities (having completed their first section of subway and entered into revenue operation in 1979 in New Kowloon, at the time when the territory was under British rule).
The rapid growth of the Chinese economy since the 1980s has created a huge surge in demand for urban transport. This prompted cities across China to pursue and draft proposals for subway networks, with Shanghai and Guangzhou opening their first sections of subway in the 1990s, inspiring more cities to propose subway networks. In 1995, the Central Government, alarmed by the high cost and financial debt from these ambitious subway plans, put out a "notice on the suspension of approval of urban underground rapid rail transit projects" barring new subway systems outside of Beijing, Tianjin, Guangzhou and Shanghai from being built. At the time Nanjing, Wuhan, Chongqing, Dalian and Shenzhen had advanced proposals waiting to be approved. Wuhan, Chongqing, Dalian managed to circumvent the moratorium on subway construction by constructing and opening lower cost elevated lines, light metros, and monorails in the early 2000s. Changchun was the first city constructing real light rail system in China, which began operation in 2002. Its first transit line, Line 3, is a light rail line not fully grade separated, still having four level crossings as of 2023. It's also the only rapid transit system combined light rail and rapid transit lines in China, which can directly transfer to each other.
Rapid urbanization of China led to severe congestion and pollution in urban areas leading to the suspension being lifted. Initially, light metro lines using small profile and shorter rolling stock were constructed to reduce costs. It was assumed that as ridership grows the line will operate trains at a low headway to increase capacity. This design paradigm was known in China as "small rolling stock, high density" operation. However, after a few years operating, many of these lines such as Guangzhou Metro Line 3, Line 6, Shanghai Metro Line 6, and Line 8 were severely overcapacity. Guangzhou Metro Line 3 was able to reconfigure from 3-car trains into 6-car trains to slightly relieve overcapacity. This led many cities such as Beijing, Guangzhou, Wuhan and Chengdu to use higher capacity designs on newer lines.
Since the mid-2000s, the growth of rapid transit systems in Chinese cities has rapidly accelerated, with most of the world's new subway mileage in the past decade opening in China. From 2009 to 2015, China built 87 mass transit rail lines, totaling 3,100 km (1,900 mi), in 25 cities at the cost of ¥988.6 billion. In 2016, the Chinese government lowered the minimum population criteria for a city to start planning a metro system from 3 million to 1.5 million residents. As part of its 13th Five Year Plan, the Chinese government published a transport whitepaper titled "Development of China's Transport". The plan envisions a more sustainable transport system with priority focused on high-capacity public transit particularly urban rail transit and bus rapid transit. All cities with over 3 million residents will start or continue to develop urban rail networks. Regional rail networks will be constructed internally connect and integrate urban agglomerations such as the Jingjinji, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta areas. In 2017, some 43 smaller third-tier cities in China have received approval to develop subway lines.
Urban rapid transit systems
= Statistics
=Urban rapid transit systems
Urban rapid transit lines
Legend
– Lines in operation – Lines under testing
Commencement dates of lines and extensions
Legend
– Lines / extensions in operation.
– Lines / extensions under testing.
= Currently operational
=Anhui
Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei
Chongqing-Sichuan
Fujian
Gansu
Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau
Guangxi
Guizhou
Heilongjiang
Henan
Hubei
Hunan
Inner Mongolia
Jiangxi
Jilin
Liaoning
Shaanxi
Shandong
Shanghai-Jiangsu-Zhejiang
Shanxi
Xinjiang
Yunnan
= Under construction
=Metro
Xiong'an Rail Transit
Maglev
Qingyuan Maglev
Monorail
Bengbu Rail Transit
Guilin Rail Transit
Liuzhou Rail Transit
Shantou Metro
= Construction suspended
=Baotou Metro
Hengyang Metro
= Proposed
=Anqing Metro
Baoji Metro
Chengde Metro
Chenzhou Metro
Chifeng Metro
Chuzhou Metro
Datong Metro
Dazhou Metro
Ezhou Metro
Fuxin Metro
Fuyang Metro
Ganzhou Metro
Guangyuan Metro
Haikou Metro
Handan Metro
Heze Metro
Huainan Metro
Huizhou Metro
Huzhou Metro
Jiaxing Metro
Jinzhong Metro
Liaocheng Metro
Lijiang Metro
Linyi Metro
Longyan Metro
Luzhou Metro
Ma'anshan Metro
Mudanjiang Metro
Nanchong Metro
Nanyang Metro
Neijiang Metro
Putian Metro
Quanzhou Metro
Quzhou Metro
Rizhao Metro
Sanya Metro
Shangrao Metro
Shiyan Metro
Suqian Metro
Tangshan Metro
Tongling Metro
Weifang Metro
Weihai Metro
Weinan Metro
Wuzhou Metro
Xiangyang Metro
Xingtai Metro
Xining Metro
Xuancheng Metro
Yancheng Metro
Yangzhou Metro
Yantai Metro
Yichang Metro
Yinchuan Metro
Yulin Metro
Zhangzhou Metro
Zhanjiang Metro
Zhenjiang Metro
Zhongshan Metro
Zhuhai Metro
Zhuzhou Metro
Zibo Metro
Zunyi Metro
Notes
Tram and light rail systems
Legend
- In operation.
- Under test run.
= Defunct systems
=TEDA Modern Tram
Zhuhai Tram
Shanghai Zhangjiang Tram
= Under construction
=Baoshan Tram
Dujiangyan Tram
Delingha Modern Tram
Guiyang Tram
Lijiang Tram
Turpan Tram
Xi'an High-tech Zone Tram
Zhangye Danxia Tram
Monorail/maglev systems
= Under Construction
=Enshi Prefecture Tourism Rail Transit
Guang'an Metro
Guilin Rail Transit
Jining Rail Transit
Anyang Rail Transit
Qingyuan Maglev
Shantou Metro
Liuzhou Rail Transit
Bengbu Rail Transit
See also
Rapid transit in Taiwan
Trams in China
Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit in China
List of tram and light rail transit systems
List of town tramway systems in Asia
List of rapid transit systems
List of trolleybus systems
Notes
References
External links
China Urban Mass Transit Network
Urban Mass Transit Industry Net
Urban Mass Transportation Research Archived 9 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine
chinametro.org Archived 3 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine
China Bus Rapid Transit Network Archived 26 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine
2016 China Urban Rail Transit Network
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
- Changsha Maglev Express
- Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority
- Transportasi umum
- Singapura
- Moda terpadu ramai
- CRRC Qingdao Sifang
- Amerika Serikat
- Transportasi rel dalam kota di Tiongkok
- Metro Wuhan
- Kereta Bawah Tanah Beijing
- Urban rail transit in China
- Urban rail transit
- Urban rail transit in Africa
- Chongqing Rail Transit
- Urban rail transit in India
- List of metro systems
- Dongguan Rail Transit
- Taizhou Rail Transit
- Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit
- Nantong Rail Transit
