- Source: War artist
A war artist is an artist either commissioned by a government or publication, or self-motivated, to document first-hand experience of war in any form of illustrative or depictive record. War artists explore the visual and sensory dimensions of war, often absent in written histories or other accounts of warfare.
These artists may be involved in war as onlookers to the scenes, military personnel, or as specifically commissioned to be present and record military activity.
Artists record military activities in ways that cameras and the written word cannot. Their art collects and distills the experiences of the people who endured it. The artists and their artwork affect how subsequent generations view military conflicts. For example, Australian war artists who grew up between the two world wars were influenced by the artwork which depicted the First World War, and there was a precedent and format for them to follow.
Official war artists have been appointed by governments for information or propaganda purposes and to record events on the battlefield, but there are many other types of war artists. These can include combatants who are artists and choose to record their experiences, non-combatants who are witnesses of war, and prisoners of war who may voluntarily record the conditions or be appointed war artists by senior officers.
In New Zealand, the title of appointed "war artist" is "army artist". In the United States, the term "combat artist" has come to be used to mean the same thing.
Some examples and their background
William Simpson was an artist-correspondent who sent artwork to London from the front during the Crimean War.
Alfred Waud was an American Civil War pictorial newspaper illustrator.
Ogata Gekkō and Tsuguharu Foujita created woodblock prints for Japanese publications.
Ronald Searle recorded life in Japanese POW camps.
Emmanuel Leutze's 1851 studio painting of Washington Crossing the Delaware is historically incorrect, and Leutze was born decades after the event his painting depicts, but this work has become an icon of popular culture.
War artists by nationality
= Argentine
=Cándido López (1840–1902), Paraguayan War
= Australian
=War artists have depicted all the conflicts in which Australians have been called to combat. The Australian tradition of "official war artists" started with the First World War. Artists were granted permission to accompany the Australian Imperial Force to record the activities of its soldiers. During the Second World War, the Australian War Museum, later called the Australian War Memorial, engaged artists. At the same time, the Royal Australian Navy, Australian Army, and Royal Australian Air Force appointed official war artist-soldiers from within their ranks. These embedded war artists have depicted the activities of Australian forces in Korea, Vietnam, East Timor, Afghanistan, and Iraq.
The ranks of non-soldier artists like George Gittoes continue to create artwork which becomes a commentary on Australia's military actions in war.
Selected artists
A select list of representative Australian artists includes:
= Austrian
=Alfred Basel
Roman Zenzinger
= British
=British participation in foreign wars has been the subject of paintings and other works created by Britain's war artists. Artwork like the 1688 painting,The Fleet at Sea by Willem van de Velde the Younger depict the Royal Navy in readiness for battle. The Ministry of Defence art collection includes many paintings showing battle scenes, particularly naval battles. Military art and portraiture has evolved along with other aspects of war. The British official war artists of the First World War created a unique account of that conflict. The British War Artists Scheme expanded the number of official artists and enlarged the scope of their activities during the Second War.
Significant themes in the chronicle of twentieth-century wars have been developed by non-military, non-official, civilian artists. For example, society portraitist Arabella Dorman's paintings of wounded Iraq War veterans inspired her to spend two weeks with three regiments in different frontline areas: the Green Jackets at Basra Palace, the Queen's Own Gurkhas at Shaibah Logistics Base ten miles south-west of Basra, and the Queen's Royal Lancers in the Maysaan desert. In the field, Dorman drew quick charcoal portraits of the men she met. Returning to England, the sketches she made helped her use art to "evoke the emotions and psychological impact of war," rather than depicting the "physical horror" of war.
Selected artists
A select list of representative British artists includes:
= Belgian
=First World War
Alfred Bastien, 1873—1955
= Canadian
=Representative works by Canada's artists whose work illustrates and records war are gathered into the extensive collection of the Canadian War Museum. The earliest war art in Canada was rock art created by Indigenous peoples from all regions of the country. During the colonial period, large-scale, European-style paintings of war dominated New France and British North America. The First and Second World Wars saw a dramatic increase in the production of war art in every medium. A few First World War paintings were exhibited in the Senate of Canada Chamber, and artists studied these works as a way of preparing to create new artworks in the conflict in Europe which expanded after 1939.
"The war art commissions brought intense focus to the observation of Canada's role in international conflict... A driving need for a strong national identity urged First and Second World War artists toward symbolism. While these vivid images are of a now distant past, they continue to communicate their messages to us, and so never lose their relevance."
In the Second World War, Canada expanded its official art program; Canadian war artists were a kind of journalist who lived the lives of soldiers. The work of non-official civilian artists also became part of the record of this period. Canada supported Canadian official war artists in both the First World War and the Second World War; no official artists were designated during the Korean War.
Among Canada's embedded artist-journalist teams was Richard Johnson, who was sent by the National Post to Afghanistan in 2007 and 2011; his drawings of Canadian troops were published and posted online as part of the series "Kandahar Journal".
Prominent themes explored by Canadian war artists include commemoration, identity, women, Indigenous representation, propaganda, protest, violence, and religion.
Selected artists
A select list of representative Canadian artists includes:
First World War
John William Beatty, 1869–1941
Alexander Young Jackson CC CMG, 1882–1974
Arthur Lismer CC, 1885–1969
Frederick Varley, 1881–1969
Mabel May, 1877-1971
Marion Long, 1882–1970
Second World War
Eric Aldwinckle, 1909-1980
Donald Kenneth Anderson, 1920–2009
Harold Beament, 1898-1985
Alan Brockman Beddoe OC OBE HFHS FHSC, 1893–1975
Molly Lamb Bobak CM ONB, 1922–2014
Paraskeva Clark
David Alexander Colville PC CC ONS, 1920–2013
Charles Fraser Comfort OC, 1900–1994
Charles Goldhamer, 1903–1985
Paul Goranson, 1911–2002
Lawren P. Harris, 1910-1994
William Abernethy Ogilvie CM MBE, 1901–1989
George Campbell Tinning RCA, 1910-1996
Jack Shadbolt OC OBC, 1909–1998
Recent conflicts
Richard Johnson, b. 1966
Edward Zuber, 1932–2018
= Chilean
=Nicolás Guzmán Bustamante (1850–1928), chiefly painting the War of the Pacific and the Conquest of Chile
= Chinese
=Li Hua
Feng Zikai
= Dutch
=Willem van de Velde the Elder
Philips Wouwerman
= Finnish
=World War II
Kari Suomalainen (1920-1999), Finland's most famous editorial cartoonist, worked as a war artist during World War II.
= Flemish
=Vincent Adriaenssen
Pieter van Bloemen
Frans Breydel
Karel Breydel
Jasper Broers
Laureys a Castro
Nicolaas van Eyck
Frans Geffels
Robert van den Hoecke
Lambert de Hondt the Elder
Jan Baptist van der Meiren
Adam Frans van der Meulen
Pieter Meulener
Arnold Frans Rubens
Lucas Smout the Younger
Peter Snayers
Jan Snellinck
Jan Peeter Verdussen
Pieter Verdussen
Sebastiaen Vrancx
Cornelis de Wael
= French
=During the First World War, the work of artists depicting aspects of the military conflict were put on display in official war art exhibitions. In 1916 the Ministry of Beaux-Arts and the Ministry of War sponsored the Salon des Armées to show the work of the artists who had been mobilized. This one exhibition realized 60,000 francs. The proceeds supported needy artists at home and the disabled.
Hippolyte Bellangé
Nicolas Toussaint Charlet
Eugène Chigot
Edouard Detaille
Antoine-Jean Gros
Constantin Guys
Eugène Louis Lami
Louis-François, Baron Lejeune
Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier
Alphonse-Marie de Neuville
Paul Philippoteaux
Paul Alexandre Protais
Denis Auguste Marie Raffet
Carle Vernet
Horace Vernet
Antoine Watteau
Adolphe Yvon
= German
=Emmanuel Leutze
Adolph Menzel
Franco-Prussian War
Georg Bleibtreu
Wilhelm Camphausen
Emil Hünten
Carl Röchling
Anton von Werner
First World War
Luitpold Adam
Otto Dix
Theodor Rocholl
Second World War
Luitpold Adam
Heinrich Amersdorffer
Alfred Hierl
Conrad Hommel
Hans Liska
Recent conflicts
Frauke Eigen, b. 1969
= Japanese
=Kubota Beisen, 1852–1906
Toyohara Chikanobu, 1838–1912
Tsuguharu Foujita, 1886–1968
Ogata Gekkō, 1859–1920
Toshihide Migita, 1862–1925
Utagawa Yoshiiku, 1833–1904
= Korean
=Kim Seong-hwan, 1932–2019
= New Zealand
=War artists have been appointed by the government to supplement the record of New Zealand's military history. The title of "war artist" changed to "army artist" when Ion Brown was appointed after the two world wars.
Conservators at the National Art Gallery considered the collection to be of historic rather than artistic worth; few were displayed. New Zealand's National Collection of War Art encompasses the work of artists who were working on commission for the Government as official war artists, while others created artworks for their own reasons.
Selected artists
A select list of representative New Zealand artists includes:
First World War
George Edmund Butler
Nugent Herman
Second World War
James Boswell, 1906–1971
Russell Clark, 1905–1966
John McIndoe, 1898–1995;
Peter McIntyre OBE, 1910–1995
Recent conflicts
Graham Braddock
Ion Brown, Bosnia and Croatia
Matthew Gauldie, Solomon Islands and Afghanistan
= Romanian
=Ion Stoica Dumitrescu
Nicolae Grigorescu
Carol Szathmari
= Russian
=Mikhail Avilov
Nikolai Baskakov
Lev Chegorovsky
Vladimir Chekalov
Aleksandr Deyneka
Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburgsky
Rudolf Frentz
Nikolay Karazin
Aleksey Kivshenko
Victor Korovin
Alexander Kotzebue
Lev Lagorio
Viktor Poltavets
Franz Roubaud
Nikolai Samokish
Alexander Sauerweid
Nikolay Sauerweid
Vasily Vereshchagin
Bogdan Willewalde
= Serbian
=Mihailo Milovanović (1879-1941), one of the most distinguished artists in World War I
Veljko Stanojević (1892-1967)
Kosta Miličević (1877-1920)
Živorad Nastasijević (1895-1966)
Nadežda Petrović succumbed to typhus fever in 1915
Natalija Cvetković (1888-1928)
Beta Vukanović survived as a widow and lived to be 100.
Rista Vukanović is the husband of Beta Vukanović. He died in 1918
Miodrag Petrović (1888-1950)
Todor Švrakić
Vladimir Becić who early in his career joined the Serbian Army
Ana Marinković (1881-1973)
= South African
=Neville Lewis (World War II)
= Spanish
=Francisco de Goya, e.g., The Disasters of War, The Third of May 1808, 1810s
Pablo Picasso, Guernica, 1937.
Augusto Ferrer-Dalmau 1964
= United States
=The American panorama created by artists whose work focuses on war began with a visual account of the American Revolutionary War. The war artist or combat artist captures instantaneous action and conflates earlier moments of the same scene within one compelling image. Artists are unlike the objective camera lens, which records only a single instant and no more.
In 1917 the American military designated American official war artists who were sent to Europe to record the activities of the American Expeditionary Forces.
In World War II, the Navy Combat Art Program ensured that active-duty artists developed a record of all phases of the war and all major naval operations.
The official war artist continued to be supported in some military engagements. Teams of soldier-artists during the Vietnam War created pictorial accounts and interpretations for the annals of army military history. In 1992 the Army Staff Artist Program was attached to the United States Army Center of Military History as a permanent part of the Museum Division's Collections Branch.
The majority of combat artists of the 1970s were selected by George Gray, chairman of NACAL, Navy Air Cooperation and Liaison committee. Some of their paintings will be selected for the Navy Combat Art Museum in the capital by Charles Lawrence, director. In January 1978 the U.S. Navy chose a seascape specialist team: they asked Patricia Yaps and Wayne Dean, both of Milford, Connecticut, to capture air-sea rescue missions off of Key West while they were based at the nearby Naval Air Station Key West. They were among 78 artists selected that year to create works of art depicting Navy subjects.
Selected artists
A select list of representative American artists includes:
Vietnam era
Soldier Artist Participants in the U. S. Army Vietnam Combat Artists Program
CAT I, 15 Aug – 15 Dec 1966, Roger A. Blum (Stillwell, KS), Robert C. Knight (Newark, NJ), Ronald E. Pepin (East Hartford, CT), Paul Rickert (Philadelphia, PA), Felix R. Sanchez (Fort Madison, IA), John O. Wehrle (Dallas, TX), and supervisor, Frank M. Sherman
CAT II, 15 Oct 1966 – 15 Feb 1967, Augustine G. Acuna (Monterey, CA), Alexander A. Bogdanovich (Chicago, IL), Theodore E. Drendel (Naperville, IL), David M. Lavender (Houston, TX), Gary W. Porter (El Cajon, CA), and supervisor, Carolyn M. O'Brien
CAT III, 16 Feb – 17 June 1967, Michael R. Crook (Sierra Madre, CA), Dennis O. McGee (Castro Valley, CA), Robert T. Myers (White Sands Missile Range, NM), Kenneth J. Scowcroft (Manassas, VA), Stephen H. Sheldon (Los Angeles, CA), and supervisor, C. Bruce Smyser
CAT IV, 15 Aug – 31 Dec 1967, Samuel E. Alexander (Philadelphia, MS), Daniel T. Lopez (Fresno, CA), Burdell Moody (Mesa, AZ), James R. Pollock (Pollock, SD), Ronald A. Wilson (Alhambra, CA), and technical supervisor, Frank M. Thomas
CAT V, 1 Nov 1967 – 15 March 1968, Warren W. Buchanan (Kansas City, MO), Philip V. Garner (Dearborn, MI), Phillip W. Jones (Greensboro, NC), Don R. Schol (Denton, TX), John R. Strong (Kanehoe, HI), and technical supervisor, Frank M. Thomas
CAT VI, 1 Feb – 15 June 1968, Robert T. Coleman (Grand Rapids, MI), David N. Fairrington (Oakland, CA), John D. Kurtz IV (Wilmington, DE), Kenneth T. McDaniel (Paris, TN), Michael P. Pala (Bridgeport, CT)
CAT VII, 15 Aug – 31 Dec 1968, Brian H. Clark (Huntington, NY), William E. Flaherty Jr. (Louisville, KY), William C. Harrington (Terre Haute, IN), Barry W. Johnston (Huntsville, AL), Stephen H. Randall (Des Moines, IA), and supervisor, Fitzallen N. Yow
CAT VIII, 1 Feb – 15 June 1969, Edward J. Bowen (Carona Del Mar, CA), James R. Drake (Colorado Springs, CO), Roman Rakowsky (Cleveland, OH), Victory V. Reynolds (Idaho Falls, ID), Thomas B. Schubert (Chicago, IL), and supervisor, Fred B. Engel
CAT IX, 1 Sept 1969 – 14 Jan 1970, David E. Graves (Lawrence, KS), James S. Hardy (Coronado, CA), William R. Hoettels (San Antonio, TX), Bruce N. Rigby (Dekalb, IL), Craig L. Stewart (Laurel, MD), and supervisor, Edward C. Williams
Recent conflicts
Kristopher Battles, Iraq and Afghanistan
Henry Casselli
Michael D. Fay, Iraq and Afghanistan
Victor Juhasz, Afghanistan
See also
War photography
Commission (art)
American official war artists
Australian official war artists
British official war artists
Canadian official war artists
German official war artists
Japanese official war artists
New Zealand official war artists
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Mémorial de Caen, 1914–1918 war, Artists of the First World War
Ministry of Defence (MoD), MoD art collection, war artists
National Archives (UK), The Art of War
In War-torn Country a Soldier Looks at Iraq by Lance Nixon, Capital Journal, Vol 134 No. 27, 7 February 2014 pp C1-C6
Harvey Dunn at War by Lance Nixon, Capital Journal, Vol 134 No. 32, 14 February 2014 pp C1-C6. See Harvey Dunn
Remembering Battles They Fought Facing East: Plains Indians as War Artists by Lance Nixon, Capital Journal, Vol 134 No. 57 pp C1-C6
About light and dark in peace and war and a piece of Vietnam by Lance Nixon, Capital Journal (South Dakota), 17 January 2014.
Drawing fire by Lance Nixon, Capital Journal (South Dakota), 23 January 2014.
A photograph of a war is different from a painting “that’s not rocket science” by Dave Askins, Capital Journal (South Dakota), 20 April 2018.
Combat artists share ware experiences by Kerri Lawrence, National Archives News, 9 April 2018
National Archives Facebook Combat Art Panel
US Army Soldier-Artists in Vietnam (CAT IV, 15 August to 31 December, 1967) by James Pollock, War, Literature & the Arts: An International Journal of the Humanities, free downloadable PDF South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE repository/2009 Volume 21
SDPB Radio Interview MIDDAY Karl Gehrke interviews James Pollock, 10 June 2015.
[3] Barry John artist
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