• Source: White Anglo-Saxon Protestant

White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP) adalah kelompok sosial Protestan berkulit putih keturunan Britania di Amerika Serikat, yang pada umumnya kaya raya dan memiliki koneksi bagus. Kelompok ini telah sejak lama mendominasi kehidupan masyarakat, budaya, dan kepemimpinan partai-partai politik besar Amerika, dan memonopoli kalangan masyarakat elite melalui perkawinan campur dan nepotisme. Meskipun hegemoni WASP di kehidupan sosial budaya Amerika telah berkurang sejak era Perang Dunia II, WASP terus mendapat tempat istimewa pada lembaga keuangan, bisnis, hukum, dan akademis.
Selama paruh kedua abad ke-20, kelompok etnis dan ras lainnya tumbuh berpengaruh dan dominasi WASP berkurang. Warga Amerika semakin mengkritik hegemoni WASP dan merendahkan WASP sebagai lambang "Establishment". Random House Unabridged Dictionary 1998 mengatakan istilah tersebut "Terkadang Meremehkan dan Menyinggung".
Sosiolog kerap menggunakan istilah ini secara luas untuk menggolongkan semua Warga Amerika Protestan berdarah Eropa Utara atau Eropa Barat Laut tanpa memandang kelas atau kekuasaan. Istilah ini juga digunakan di Australia, Selandia Baru, dan Kanada untuk kelompok elite serupa.




Referensi






Bacaan lanjutan



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Cookson, Peter W.; Persell, Caroline Hodges: Preparing for Power: America's Elite Boarding Schools (1985) ISBN 9780465062683
Davidson, James D.; Pyle, Ralph E.; Reyes, David V.: "Persistence and Change in the Protestant Establishment, 1930-1992", Social Forces, 74#1. (1995), pp. 157–175.
Davis, Donald F. "The Price of Conspicious Production: The Detroit Elite and the Automobile Industry, 1900-1933." Journal of Social History 16.1 (1982): 21-46. online
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Fraser, Steve and Gary Gerstle, eds. Ruling America: A History of Wealth and Power in a Democracy, Harvard UP, 2005, ISBN 0-674-01747-1
Friend, Tad. Cheerful Money: Me, My Family, and the Last Days of WASP Splendor (2009). ISBN 9780316003179
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Ghent, Jocelyn Maynard, and Frederic Cople Jaher. "The Chicago Business Elite: 1830–1930. A Collective Biography." Business History Review 50.3 (1976): 288-328. online
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King, Florence: WASP, Where is Thy Sting? (1977)
Lundberg, Ferdinand: The Rich and the Super-Rich: A Study in the Power of Money Today (1968)
McConachie, Bruce A. "New York operagoing, 1825-50: creating an elite social ritual." American Music (1988): 181-192. online
Ostrander, Susan A. (1986). Women of the Upper Class. Temple University Press. ISBN 978-0-87722-475-4.
Phillips, Kevin P. Wealth and Democracy: A Political History of the American Rich, Broadway Books 2003, ISBN 0-7679-0534-2
Pyle, Ralph E.: Persistence and Change in the Protestant Establishment (1996)
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Schrag, Peter.: The Decline of the WASP (NY: Simon and Schuster, 1970)
Story, Ronald. (1980) The forging of an aristocracy: Harvard & the Boston upper class, 1800-1870
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Useem, Michael. The Inner Circle: Large Corporations and the Rise of Business Political Activity in the U.S. and U.K. (1984)
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Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• White Anglo-Saxon Protestant
• Anglo-Sakson (ejekan)
• Ku Klux Klan
• Orang Inggris Amerika
• Gereja Katolik di Britania Raya
• Reformasi Inggris
• White Anglo-Saxon Protestants
• Anglo-Saxon (disambiguation)
• White-shoe firm
• White ethnic
• Anglo-Saxonism in the 19th century
• Mainline Protestant
• Anglo-Saxons (slur)
• Anglo
• Anglosphere
• Anglo-America