• Source: William Butterfield

William Butterfield (7 September 1814 – 23 February 1900) was a British Gothic Revival architect and associated with the Oxford Movement (or Tractarian Movement). He is noted for his use of polychromy.




Biography


William Butterfield was born in London in 1814. His parents were strict non-conformists who ran a chemist's shop in the Strand. He was one of nine children and was educated at a local school. At the age of 16, he was apprenticed to Thomas Arber, a builder in Pimlico, who later became bankrupt. He studied architecture under E. L. Blackburne (1833–1836). From 1838 to 1839, he was an assistant to Harvey Eginton, an architect in Worcester, where he became articled. He established his own architectural practice at Lincoln's Inn Fields in 1840.
From 1842 Butterfield was involved with the Cambridge Camden Society, later The Ecclesiological Society. He contributed designs to the Society's journal, The Ecclesiologist. His involvement influenced his architectural style. He also drew religious inspiration from the Oxford Movement and as such, he was very high church despite his non-conformist upbringing. He was a Gothic revival architect, and as such he reinterpreted the original Gothic style in Victorian terms. Many of his buildings were for religious use, although he also designed for colleges and schools.
Butterfield's church of All Saints, Margaret Street, London, was, in the view of Henry-Russell Hitchcock, the building that initiated the High Victorian Gothic era. It was designed in 1850, completed externally by 1853 and consecrated in 1859. Flanked by a clergy house and school, it was intended as a "model" church by its sponsors, the Ecclesiological Society. The church was built of red-brick, a material long out of use in London, patterned with bands of black brick, the first use of polychrome brick in the city, with bands of stone on the spire. The interior was even more richly decorated, with marble and tile marquetry.
In 1849, just before Butterfield designed the church, John Ruskin had published his Seven Lamps of Architecture, in which he had urged the study of Italian Gothic and the use of polychromy. Many contemporaries perceived All Saints' as Italian in character, though in fact it combines fourteenth century English details, with a German-style spire.
Also in 1850 he designed, without polychromy, St Matthias' in Stoke Newington, with a bold gable-roofed tower. At St Bartholomew's, Yealmpton in the same year, Butterfield used a considerable amount of marquetry work for the interior, and built striped piers, using two colours of marble.

At Oxford, Butterfield designed Keble College, in a style radically divergent from the university's existing traditions of Gothic architecture, its walls boldly striped with various colours of brick. Intended for clerical students, it was largely built in 1868–70, on a fairly domestic scale, with a more monumental chapel of 1873–6. In his buildings of 1868–72 at Rugby School, the polychromy is even more brash.
Butterfield received the RIBA Gold Medal in 1884. He died in London in 1900, and was buried in a simple Gothic tomb (designed by himself) in Tottenham Cemetery, Haringey, North London. The grave can be easily seen from the public path through the cemetery, close to the gate from Tottenham Churchyard. There is a blue plaque on his house in Bedford Square, London.




Works



Butterfield's buildings include:

1842
Highbury Congregational Chapel (Cotham Church), Bristol
1843
St John's Church, Jedburgh: lychgate
1845
St Saviour's Church and vicarage, Coalpit Heath, south Gloucestershire, 1845 (Butterfield's first Anglican work)
St Augustine's College, Canterbury, Kent, 1845
St John the Baptist parish church, Hellidon, Northamptonshire: restoration, 1845–47
1846
St Nicholas' Church, Thanington Without, Kent: restoration, 1846
St Nicholas' Church, Ash, Kent: restoration, 1846
Abbey Church of Saints Peter & Paul, Dorchester on Thames, Oxfordshire: restoration, 1846–53
1847
St Andrew's parish church, Ogbourne St Andrew, Wiltshire: restoration, 1847–49 and vicarage, 1848
Parish Church of the Holy Trinity with St Edmund, Horfield, Bristol, nave and aisles c1847
1849
St Bartholomew's Church, Yealmpton, Devon, PL8 2HG, reconstruction 1849–1852
The Cathedral of the Isles, Great Cumbrae, Scotland, started 1849 but still incomplete
St Edmund's Church, Thurlaston, Warwickshire. Built as a combined church and school.
St Mary's Church, Ottery St Mary, Devon restoration 1849–1850
1850
Goldern Lion Hotel (1850) in the Norfolk sea-side town of Hunstanton.
St Mary Magdalene church, West Lavington, West Sussex, 1850
St Ninian's Cathedral, Perth, Scotland, 1850
St James & St Anne parish church and vicarage, Alfington, Devon, 1850
Wantage Cemetery, Berkshire: chapel, 1850
1851
St Mary's Church, Emmorton, Maryland: stained glass windows, 1851
St Martin's Church, Great Mongeham, Kent: restoration, 1851
1853
St Mary and St Melor parish church, Amesbury, Wiltshire: restoration, 1852–1853
All Saints' Wykeham, Scarborough, 1853–1855
Milton Ernest Hall, Bedfordshire, 1853–1858
St Mary's Church, Langley, Kent, 1853
1854
St Nicholas' Hospital, Salisbury, Wiltshire: restoration, 1854
1855
St Mary's parish church, Marlston, Berkshire, 1855
All Saints' Church, Braishfield, Hampshire, 1855
1856
St John the Evangelist's parish church, Milton, Oxfordshire, 1856
Balliol College, Oxford: chapel, 1856–57
1857
St Michael's parish church, Gare Hill (Gaer Hill), near Trudoxhill, Somerset, 1857
St James' church, school and village buildings, Baldersby St James, North Yorkshire, 1857
Charlton-All-Saints, Wiltshire: school, 1857–58
1858
St Mathew's chapel of ease, Easton, Bristol, 1858; demolished 1923
St Andrew's parish church, Landford, Wiltshire, 1858
Church of St John the Evangelist, better known as the Afghan Church, Mumbai: the reredos, the Afghan War Memorial mosaics, and the tiles, pews and screen, 1858
St John the Evangelist parish church, Hammersmith, 1858–59
St John the Baptist, Latton, Wiltshire: chancel, 1858–63
Pitt Mission Church and School, Pitt, Hursley, Hampshire, 1858
1859
All Saints, Margaret Street, London, 1859
St Mary the Virgin, Etal, Northumberland 1859
St Nicholas' school, Newbury, Berkshire, 1859
Standlynch Chapel, Trafalgar House, Wiltshire: restoration, 1859–66
1860
St Giles' Church, Tadlow, Bedfordshire, 1860
Charlton All Saints, Wiltshire: vicarage, 1860–62
Clergy house, St Alban the Martyr, Holborn
1861
St John the Baptist church, Bamford, Hope Valley, Derbyshire: restoration, 1861
St Michael's parish church, Letcombe Bassett, Berkshire (now Oxfordshire): nave and south aisle, 1861
St Mary the Virgin parish church, Castle Eaton, Wiltshire: restoration, 1861–63
1862
Lych gate at St Michael & All Angels' Churchyard extension, Houghton-le-Spring, Durham, 1862
St Martin's parish church, Bremhill, Wiltshire: restoration, 1862–63
St Michael's parish church, Lyneham, Wiltshire: nave roof and chancel, 1862–65
1863
Church of St Cross, Manchester, Clayton, Manchester, 1863–66
St Margaret's parish church, Mapledurham, Oxfordshire: restoration, 1863
St Mary Magdalene church, Enfield Chase, Middlesex, 1883
St Michael's parish church, Aldbourne, Wiltshire: restoration, 1863–67
1864
St Sebastian, Heathland, Wokingham, Berkshire, 1864
Merton College, Oxford: Grove Building, 1864
St Andrew's parish church, Blunsdon St Andrew, Wiltshire: restoration: 1864–68
Christ Church, Emery Down, Hampshire, 1864
1865
St George's parish church, Wootton, Northamptonshire: restoration, 1865
St Lawrence's Church, Godmersham, Kent: restoration, 1865
St Augustine's, Queen's Gate, London, 1865
St Augustine's parish church, Penarth, Glamorgan, 1865–66.
SS. Peter & Paul parish church, Heytesbury, Wiltshire: restoration, 1865–67
Holy Saviour church, Hitchin, Hertfordshire, 1865
1866
St Anne's church, Dropmore, Littleworth, Buckinghamshire, 1866
All Saints' parish church, Rangemore, Staffordshire, 1866–67
St Peter's parish church, Highway, Wiltshire, 1866–67
1867
Holy Trinity Chapel, Known as the 'Tait Chapel', Fulham Palace, London.
St Barnabas' parish church, Horton-cum-Studley, Oxfordshire, 1867
St Mary's parish church, Beech Hill, Berkshire, 1867
Little Faringdon, Oxfordshire: Rectory, 1867
St Mary's parish, Lower Heyford, Oxfordshire: remodelling of Old Rectory, 1867 (now Tall Chimneys)
1868
The Royal Hampshire County Hospital, Winchester, Hampshire, 1868
St John's Church, Dalton, North Yorkshire
St Paul's Church, Wooburn, Buckinghamshire: alterations, 1869
1869
St Alban the Martyr church, Holborn, London, 1862;
St Mary Brookfield, Dartmouth Park Road, Tufnell Park, London NW5, 1869–75
St Peter's Cathedral, Adelaide, South Australia, 1869–1902
1870
All Saints' parish church, Whiteparish, Wiltshire: restoration, 1870
St Leonard's parish church, Broad Blunsdon, Wiltshire: rebuilding, 1870
Church of St Peter, Great Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire: restoration, 1870–71
The Rectory (now Butterfield House), formerly attached to Church of St Mary the Virgin, Baldock, Hitchin Street, Baldock, Hertfordshire, 1870–1873
1871
St Margaret of Antioch, Barley, Hertfordshire, 1871 additions
St Paul's, Covent Garden, London, 1871–2: interior alterations
1872
St Mary's Church, Milstead, Kent: restoration, 1872
St Mary's parish church, Purton, Wiltshire: restoration, 1872
Saint Mary at Stoke parish church, Ipswich, Suffolk, 1872
1873
St Michael and All Angels' parish church & school, Poulton, Gloucestershire, 1873
St Mary's parish church, Dinton, Wiltshire: restoration, 1873–75
Church of St Peter, Clyffe Pypard, Wiltshire: restoration, 1873–75
1874
All Saints' parish church, Braunston, Northamptonshire: restoration, 1874
All Saints' church, Babbacombe, Devon 1874
St Denis' church, East Hatley, Cambridgeshire: restoration, 1874
St George's parish church, West Harnham, Salisbury, Wiltshire: restoration, 1874
St George's Church, Morebath 1874–75
St Mary's School, Wantage, Berkshire (now Oxfordshire), 1874–75
St Margaret's parish church, Knook, Wiltshire: restoration, 1874–76
1875
Rugby School, Warwickshire: Chapel and Quadrangle, 1875
Shaw-cum-Donnington School, Shaw, Berkshire, 1875
All Hallows Church, Tottenham, London: restoration, 1875-1877
1876
Keble College, Oxford 1876
St Andrew's Church, Buckland, Kent: restoration, 1876
Holy Cross parish church, Ashton Keynes, Wiltshire: restoration: 1876–77
St Catherine's parish church, Netherhampton, Wiltshire, 1876–77
1877
Ascot Priory, Ascot, Berkshire: chapel, 1877
St Andrew's parish church, Rugby, Warwickshire, 1877 with later additions of 1895
St James' church, Christleton, Cheshire, rebuilt 1877
1878
Exeter School, Exeter, Devon, 1878–1880
St Mary Magdalene parish church, Winterbourne Monkton, Wiltshire: rebuilding, 1878
St John the Baptist parish church, Foxham, Wiltshire: 1878–81
St John the Evangelist church, Clevedon, Somerset, 1878
St Mary's parish church, Donnington, Berkshire: chancel, 1878
St Mary's Convent, Wantage, Berkshire (now Oxfordshire): Noviciate, 1878
St Mary's parish church, Dodford, Northamptonshire: restoration, 1878–80
1880
St Columba's College Chapel, Whitechurch, County Dublin, Ireland, 1880
St Edith of Wilton parish church, Baverstock Lane, Dinton, Wiltshire: restoration 1880–93
St Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne (except main tower and spire), Australia, 1880–1891
1881
Sarum College, Salisbury, Wiltshire: chapel, 1881
1885
St John the Baptist's Church, Ault Hucknall Restoration 1885–89.
Gordon's School, Surrey, designed the central buildings comprising the Assembly Hall and Reception Building together with the sanatorium and dormitories.
1888
St Michael's Church, Woolwich: restoration, 1888
1891
St Mark's Church, Dundela, Belfast, Northern Ireland, 1878 with later additions of 1891
1892
St Augustin's Church, Bournemouth
1895
St Andrew's parish church, Rugby, Warwickshire, 1877 with later additions of 1895
Awaiting date
Ottery St Mary parish church, Devon: south transept refurbishment and marble font
St Mawgan Old Rectory, Cornwall
St Peter's Church, Bont Goch, Ceredigion




Publications



Ecclesiological late Cambridge Camden Society, ed. (1847). Instrumenta Ecclesiastica (in Latin). with etchings from drawings by William Butterfield. London: Ecclesiological late Cambridge Camden Society – via John Van Voorst.




References






= Bibliography

=
Hitchcock, Henry Russell (1977). Architecture:Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Pelican History of Art. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-056115-9.
Homan, Roger (1984). The Victorian Churches of Kent. Chichester: Phillimore & Co. Ltd. ISBN 978-0-85033-466-1.
Tyack, Geoffrey; Bradley, Simon & Pevsner, Nikolaus (2010). The Buildings of England: Berkshire. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 800. ISBN 978-0-300-12662-4.
Pevsner, Nikolaus; Williamson, Elizabeth (1994). The Buildings of England: Buckinghamshire. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 832. ISBN 978-0-300-09584-5.
Pevsner, Nikolaus; Cherry, Bridget (1973) [1961]. The Buildings of England: Northamptonshire. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 520. ISBN 978-0-300-09632-3.
Pevsner, Nikolaus; Cherry, Bridget (1975) [1963]. The Buildings of England: Wiltshire. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 664. ISBN 978-0-300-09659-0.
Sherwood, Jennifer; Pevsner, Nikolaus (1974). The Buildings of England: Oxfordshire. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 948. ISBN 978-0-300-09639-2.
Verey, David; Brooks, Alan (1999). The Buildings of England: Gloucestershire: The Cotswolds. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 832. ISBN 978-0-300-09604-0.




External links



William Butterfield architectural and design drawings, 1838–1892, Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles, Accession No. 850998

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