- Source: Wing
A wing is a type of fin that produces lift while moving through air or water. Drag occurs at the same time and is undesirable as it wastes some of the fuel required to move the wing. Wings are defined by two shape characteristics, an airfoil section and a planform. Wing efficiency is expressed as lift-to-drag ratio. Aerodynamics is the study of wing performance in air.
Wings used in water include various foils, including hydrofoils. Applications of underwater foils include hydroplanes, sailboats and submarines. Hydrodynamics is the study of wing performance in water.
Etymology and usage
The word "wing" from the Old Norse vængr for many centuries referred mainly to the foremost limbs of birds (in addition to the architectural aisle). But in recent centuries the word's meaning has extended to include lift producing appendages of insects, bats, pterosaurs, boomerangs, some sail boats and aircraft, or the inverted airfoil on a race car that generates a downward force to increase traction.
In nature
In nature wings have evolved in dinosaurs, birds, mammals, fish, reptiles and plants as means of locomotion. Various species of penguins and other flighted or flightless water birds such as auks, cormorants, guillemots, shearwaters, eider and scoter ducks and diving petrels are efficient underwater swimmers, and use their wings to propel through water.
Wing forms in nature
Aerodynamics
The design and analysis of the wings of aircraft is one of the principal applications of the science of aerodynamics, which is a branch of fluid mechanics. The properties of the airflow around any moving object can be found by solving the Navier-Stokes equations of fluid dynamics. Except for simple geometries, these equations are difficult to solve. Simpler explanations can be given
For a wing to produce "lift", it must be oriented at a suitable angle of attack relative to the flow of air past the wing. When this occurs, the wing deflects the airflow downwards, "turning" the air as it passes the wing. Since the wing exerts a force on the air to change its direction, the air must exert a force on the wing, equal in size but opposite in direction. This force arises from different air pressures that exist on the upper and lower surfaces of the wing.
Lower-than-ambient air pressure is generated on the top surface of the wing, with a higher-than ambient-pressure on the bottom of the wing. (See: airfoil) These air pressure differences can be either measured using a pressure-measuring device, or can be calculated from the airspeed] using physical principles—including Bernoulli's principle, which relates changes in air speed to changes in air pressure.
The lower air pressure on the top of the wing generates a smaller downward force on the top of the wing than the upward force generated by the higher air pressure on the bottom of the wing. This gives an upward force on the wing. This force is called the lift generated by the wing.
The different velocities of the air passing by the wing, the air pressure differences, the change in direction of the airflow, and the lift on the wing are different ways of describing how lift is produced so it is possible to calculate lift from any one of the other three. For example, the lift can be calculated from the pressure differences, or from different velocities of the air above and below the wing, or from the total momentum change of the deflected air. Fluid dynamics offers other approaches to solving these problems—and all produce the same answers if done correctly. Given a particular wing and its velocity through the air, debates over which mathematical approach is the most convenient to use can be mistaken by those not familiar with the study of aerodynamics as differences of opinion about the basic principles of flight.
= Cross-sectional shape
=
Wings with an asymmetrical cross-section are the norm in subsonic flight. Wings with a symmetrical cross-section can also generate lift by using a positive angle of attack to deflect air downward. Symmetrical airfoils have higher stalling speeds than cambered airfoils of the same wing area but are used in aerobatic aircraft as they provide the same flight characteristics whether the aircraft is upright or inverted. Another example comes from sailboats, where the sail is a thin sheet.
For flight speeds near the speed of sound (transonic flight), specific asymmetrical airfoil sections are used to minimize the very pronounced increase in drag associated with airflow near the speed of sound. These airfoils, called supercritical airfoils, are flat on top and curved on the bottom.
Design features
Aircraft wings may feature some of the following:
A rounded leading edge cross-section
A sharp trailing edge cross-section
Leading-edge devices such as slats, slots, or extensions
Trailing-edge devices such as flaps or flaperons (combination of flaps and ailerons)
Winglets to keep wingtip vortices from increasing drag and decreasing lift
Dihedral, or a positive wing angle to the horizontal, increases spiral stability around the roll axis, whereas anhedral, or a negative wing angle to the horizontal, decreases spiral stability.
Aircraft wings may have various devices, such as flaps or slats, that the pilot uses to modify the shape and surface area of the wing to change its operating characteristics in flight.
Ailerons (usually near the wingtips) to roll the aircraft
Spoilers on the upper surface to increase drag for descent and to reduce lift for more weight on wheels during braking
Vortex generators to help prevent flow separation in transonic flow
Wing fences to keep flow attached to the wing by stopping boundary layer separation from spreading roll direction.
Folding wings allow more aircraft storage in the confined space of the hangar deck of an aircraft carrier
Variable-sweep wing or "swing wings" that allow outstretched wings during low-speed flight (e.g., take-off, landing and loitering) and swept back wings for high-speed flight (including supersonic flight), such as in the F-111 Aardvark, the F-14 Tomcat, the Panavia Tornado, the MiG-23, the MiG-27, the Tu-160 and the B-1B Lancer.
Applications
Besides fixed-wing aircraft, applications for wing shapes include:
Hang gliders, which use wings ranging from fully flexible (paragliders, gliding parachutes), flexible (framed sail wings), to rigid
Kites, which use a variety of lifting surfaces
Flying model airplanes
Helicopters, which use a rotating wing with a variable pitch angle to provide directional forces
Propellers, whose blades generate lift for propulsion.
The NASA Space Shuttle, which uses its wings only to glide during its descent to a runway. These types of aircraft are called spaceplanes.
Some racing cars, especially Formula One cars, which use upside-down wings (or airfoils) to provide greater traction at high speeds
Sailboats, which use sails as vertical wings with variable fullness and direction to move across water
Flexible wings
In 1948, Francis Rogallo invented the fully limp flexible wing. Domina Jalbert invented flexible un-sparred ram-air airfoiled thick wings.
See also
Flight
Natural world:
Bird flight
Flight feather
Flying and gliding animals
Insect flight
List of soaring birds
Samara (winged seeds of trees)
Aviation:
Aircraft
Blade solidity
FanWing and Flettner airplane (experimental wing types)
Flight dynamics (fixed-wing aircraft)
Kite types
Ornithopter – Flapping-wing aircraft (research prototypes, simple toys and models)
Otto Lilienthal
Wing configuration
Wing suit
Sailing:
Sails
Forces on sails
Wingsail
References
External links
How Wings Work - Holger Babinsky Physics Education 2003
How Airplanes Fly: A Physical Description of Lift
Demystifying the Science of Flight – Audio segment on NPR's Talk of the Nation Science Friday
NASA's explanations and simulations
Flight of the StyroHawk wing
See How It Flies- Source: WING
WING (1410 AM) is a commercial radio station in Dayton, Ohio operating with 5,000 watts along with studios, offices and transmitter located on David Road in Kettering. It is the first (and oldest) full-time commercial radio station in Dayton. It is currently a local affiliate for ESPN Radio and the Ohio State Sports Network, but is best known and remembered as Dayton's first Top 40-formatted station.
WING operates at 5,000 watts around the clock. A single tower is used during the day, providing at least secondary coverage to most of southwestern Ohio. At night, two towers are used in a directional pattern to protect CFTE in Vancouver, British Columbia, concentrating the signal around Dayton.
Programming
= Sports play-by-play
=
Dayton affiliate for:
Ohio State Buckeyes football and men's basketball
Cincinnati Reds
Columbus Blue Jackets
Early history
WING was first licensed on May 31, 1924 as WDBS to the S.M.K. Radio Corporation at 39 East Third Street in Dayton, Ohio. After a short period of testing, it made its formal debut broadcast on the evening of June 4, 1924.
The station's call letters were randomly assigned by the Department of Commerce from an alphabetical list, and Stanley M. Khron, Jr., owner of the S.M.K. Radio Corporation, adopted "Watch Dayton's Broadcasting Station" as a slogan that reflected the call sign. The call letters were changed to WSMK in early 1925 to match Khron's initials. It also upgraded its power to one thousand watts that same year. Programming hours were sporadic and operated on several different frequencies.
Following the establishment of the Federal Radio Commission (FRC), stations were initially issued a series of temporary authorizations starting on May 3, 1927. In addition, they were informed that if they wanted to continue operating, they needed to file a formal license application by January 15, 1928, as the first step in determining whether they met the new "public interest, convenience, or necessity" standard. On May 25, 1928, the FRC issued General Order 32, which notified 164 stations, including WSMK, that "From an examination of your application for future license it does not find that public interest, convenience, or necessity would be served by granting it." However, the station successfully convinced the commission that it should remain licensed. On November 11, 1928, the FRC implemented a major reallocation of station transmitting frequencies, as part of a reorganization resulting from its implementation of General Order 40. WSMK was assigned to 570 kHz.
The first studio was located in the former Beckel House Hotel on East Third Street in downtown Dayton. Actor/dancer/singer/musician Scatman Crothers got his start at the station during the WSMK era in 1932. Another ownership change took place in 1939 when Cincinnati businessman Charles Sawyer bought the station from Krohn and switching the calls, at the suggestion of Jack Snow, to WING to become synonymous with Dayton's aviation history. It then moved to the second floor above the Loews Theater also located downtown at 125 North Main Street (demolished in 1975) where it remained until 1960. It was that same year when WING was granted by the FCC to upgrade its power to 5 thousand watts and to construct a new transmitter site on David Road in Kettering.
"High Flying" WING in the 50s, 60s and 70s
It was in the 1940s during the Big Band era and later with the advent of R&B-combined rock n' roll in the 1950s when WING became Dayton's original hit music station. Charlie Reeder, inducted into the Dayton Broadcasters Hall of Fame in 2007 was one of its first morning personalities during this era with his program "Sunny Side Up". Local DJ legend Gene "By Golly" Barry came on board with the evening program "Swingin' With Wing" and became a staple there from that point up through the 1960s when WING (then, owned by Dayton-based Air Trails Broadcasting, later Great Trails Broadcasting) became Dayton's first official Top 40 station. It was also the chain's flagship station. Its sister stations included WIZE in Springfield and the legendary WCOL (AM) (now Fox Sports Network station WYTS) in Columbus which all had the same format at that time as well. During this time a downtown studio with a showcase window was opened in 1960 at 128 West First Street in the Talbott Tower building...which became the affectionately nicknamed "WING Island."
A weekly "super hot hits" survey was issued regularly to record shops and other retailers across the Miami Valley. With that, the format was tightened with a stable of personalities who became known as WING's "Lively Guys" (possibly inspired by WSAI's "Good Guys" in Cincinnati) which included Barry along with such personalities over the years as Lou Swanson, Jerry Kaye, Ken Warren, Big Jim Quinn, Dave Parks, Al Morgan (the former morning disk jockey from WTUE-Dayton), Goldie, Bob Holiday, Ritchie "Duke of Dayton" Allen, Jerry "Big D" Dennis, Don Robertson, Dan Clover, John Alexander, let's not forget Alan Sakalas (aka 'Mel Waukee') production and part-time Lively Guy, Mike Duff, all nights, weekends and music director, Chuck McKibben who later worked as a producer for Mel Blanc in Hollywood, WING radio news staff was headed by National Broadcasters Hall Of Fame inductee Rod Williams who won numerous awards including a commendation from the Ohio General Assembly for his combat reporting in Vietnam. Broadcasters Hall Of Fame induction ceremony http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=1527972980220648955#
Jack Wymer "Dayton's Man On The Street," among countless others and a young Johnny Walker who came to WING by way of sister station WIZE who later moved to WKEF/22 in 1970.
Wolfman Jack was aired late at night in syndicated form in the 1970s.
Aside from Gene "By Golly" Barry, the "lively guy" who enjoyed the most extended stay from 1967 to 1992 was morning man Steve Kirk (formerly from Cincinnati's WSAI) best known for his telephone "put-ons" and other screwball on-air gags and drop-ins from 1966 until well into the late 1980s. He was equally known for his familiar and flamboyant on-air self-introduction: "Hi-ya gang...Kirkie here...ha-chi-chi-chi-chi-chi!"
Its news department was also legendary with Jim Briggs, George Wymer (Jack's son), G. Paul Tantum, Terry Lafferty, Doug Ritter (Doug Ritterling, who began his WING newscasting career at 17 years of age, then became a disc jockey at sister stations, WCOL-AM & 92X, Columbus), Randall Carlisle (who later gained fame as a sensational newscaster at CKLW-Windsor/Detroit), Mark Greco (Mark Giangreco, who later became a sportscaster on the NBC Television network), Bill Nance, Roy Dittman, Dave Thomas (who also worked at sister stations WCOL-FM, Columbus, and WJAI-FM, Eaton, and later became an award-winning broadcaster in Colorado), Kathy O' Connor (Dayton's first female news reporter) and Retha Phillips among others. Nance and Phillips were also 2007 inductees into the Dayton Broadcasters Hall of Fame. In the early 1960s it was at first a top of the hour "rip and read" newscast from wire services with an echoed voice shouting the dateline location at the beginning of a story (replaced in 1965 by a tone chord simulating an electronic telegraph key sounder). The newscast was also upgraded by world news actualities from Metromedia Radio, a predecessor of UPI Audio Network who bought the news-feed service in 1971. By 1968, it switched to the Drake-inspired "20-20" News (aired at 20 minutes before and after the hour) with expanded local news coverage. Top of the hour news returned in 1980 from ABC Radio's American Information Network followed by a local newscast and weather without the catchy elements of the 1960s.
"High Flying WING" was the theme of a high energy upbeat jingle package in the mid-1960s produced by PAMS Productions in Dallas. In the early 1970s, the famous Drake "rum-pum" Boss Radio jingles featuring the Johnny Mann Singers were used, the same package used by then-legendary CKLW in Windsor, Ontario during the late 1960s and 1970s.
Adult Radio 1410 WING
In the mid-1970s FM rock stations started to chip away at AM radio's Top 40 audiences. During this transitional time, WING began to soften its format to adult contemporary as "Adult Radio 1410." "Kirkie" continued his morning show (followed by John Alexander on mid-days) with the addition of John King and Terry Dorsey doing afternoons. The highly popular mock ads and comedy sketches of the fictitious Babs Knieiven's Bar and Grill of New Carlisle, Hiney Wine and a comedic spoof on current events called "The King and Dorsey Report" kept its fans laughing and listening, even with the 1980s onslaught of FM competitors WTUE and WDJX in nearby Xenia (now WZDA licensed to Beavercreek). It was also during this time when Great Trails decided to acquire an FM sister station for the now declining WING..in so doing purchased the original WCTM-FM in nearby Eaton from Stanley Coning renaming it WJAI with the branding "WJ-93" (inspired by the Florida sport known as Jai-Alai) at first continuing WCTM's beautiful music until 1979 when it switched to country (later Big Band/Nostalgia) and adding one of its first female on-air personalities Kim Faris. Faris was soon followed by Nancy Cartwright, who would go on to have a successful voiceover career.
Jingles on WING during the 1970s and 1980s included PAMS' "Energy One" and "Music and More" TM's "You", and several jingle series from JAM Creative Productions, including "I'd Rather Be...", "The Best Show," "The Best Show 2" and "Good Time Radio". It was also during its time using JAM jingles that the station aired American Top 40, which would contain TM Jingles until 1983 and JAM jingles from 1984–1987.
End of an era
WING in the 1980s and 1990s showed more signs of listener burnout as even more listeners switched to FM. "Adult Radio 1410" added a supplemental tagline "Your Fun Oldies Station" with its vast record and jingle library featuring "The Sixties at 6" with King and Dorsey. An on-air reunion of the original WING Lively Guys took place in 1985.
Eventually its Top 40 format was moved to its Eaton FM sister re-branded in 1984 as WGTZ "Z-93" (formerly WCTM-FM and WJAI respectively, and now "92.9 Jack FM" with an Adult Hits format) which at first used the catchy (and barely legal) ID "WGTZ Eaton/Dayton and Springfield ALIVE!" (as in "Eatin' Dayton and Springfield ALIVE!" when said fast) and with it John King moving to mornings with Terry Dorsey on a tape-delayed basis from a station in Texas where he was working at the time. Kim Faris, already there since the WJAI days stayed there doing mid-days and later as a morning sidekick to Jeff Wicker. Faris (who now works at WLQT after briefly moving to sales in 2007 for Z-93) occasionally did late evenings at WING in the mid-1980s as well. Carl Day did afternoon drive for a period of time after John King moved to mornings at Z-93.
WING was a live oldies station from around 1985 to October, 1990 when the station switched to a satellite oldies format during daytime hours after Kirkie's morning show. Prior to that time, a talk program with Stacy Taylor was added to the early evening shift with Mutual's Larry King Show from midnight to 6am. After Steve Kirk's departure for a brief gig at Beavercreek's WYMJ-FM "Oldies 104" he retired and eventually moved to Florida where he resides today. WING's "High Flying" era was now a thing of the past. Owner Great Trails Broadcasting sent WING Program Director Rob Ellis and DJ Jason Roberts (who also had been an evening personality for a time on sister station Z-93/WGTZ) to Columbus's WCOL-FM to institute an oldies format there. WCOL-FM remained oldies until its purchase from Great Trails by Nationwide Communications.
In the fall of 2006, former newsman Bill Nance (now with Faith And Friends Radio) and Z-93's Kim Faris (now with FM competitor WYDB) organized a reunion party of WING's past and present air personalities at the Holiday Inn near Dayton Mall with a special memorial tribute to Gene "By Golly" Barry who died in 2001.
Later years
After a stint as a CNN Radio affiliate in the 1990s and various network talk programs, it found its new niche in sports/talk as a competitor to WONE (AM) (which it also competed with in the 1960s for its Top 40 audience.)
WING now airs the programming of ESPN Radio in addition to local sports coverage of Ohio State Buckeyes Football and Basketball.
Mike and Mike in the Morning (Mike Golic and Mike Greenberg) is aired here. WING was owned by Radio One which acquired its previous owner, Cincinnati-based Blue Chip Broadcasting, in 1999.
On May 17, 2007 Philadelphia-based Main Line Broadcasting announced the acquisition of Radio One's stations in the Dayton and Louisville market areas. Main Line took over the Dayton stations on September 14, 2007
The Program Director of WING was Mark Neal who held that position from April 2006 to January 2018. The current Program Director is Justin Kinner who has held that position since February 2018. Kinner hosts The Justin Kinner Show, which can be heard on WING from 3:00 pm –6:00 pm weekdays. Other local shows include Sunday Morning Tailgate, hosted by Justin Kinner and Keith Byars, from 11:00 am –12:30 pm on Sunday morning and The Keith Byars Show, which airs on Monday from 12-1 pm. 1410 WING began streaming online on February 10, 2015
See also
ESPN
ESPN Radio
WROU-FM
WGTZ
WDHT
WCLI-FM
References
External links
ESPN 1410
Facility details for Facility ID 25039 (WING) in the FCC Licensing and Management System
WING in Nielsen Audio's AM station database
1994 interview with 1960's-1980's WING DJ Steve Kirk
FCC History Cards for WING (covering 1924-1981 as WDBS / WSMK / WING)- Source: WinG
In computing, WinG (pronounced Win Gee) is an application programming interface that was designed to provide faster graphics performance on Windows 3.x operating environments, and was initially positioned as a way to help game developers more easily port their DOS games to Microsoft Windows, although it was quickly discontinued in favor of DirectX.
Background
WinG fixed two problems. The first problem that WinG fixed was that Windows 3.x did not support creating Device Contexts (DCs) based on device independent bitmaps, only actual display devices. One major limitation of the Graphics Device Interface (GDI) DCs was that they were write-only. Data, once written, could not be retrieved. The second problem was that all GDI drawing was implemented in the Windows 3.x video drivers. This included the drawing of bitmaps. Obviously performance of such routines varied across drivers.
Alex St. John, one of the creators of DirectX, said in a 2000 interview that,
WinG was a technology being built by Chris Hecker in the research group, and at the time it was one of the small Microsoft Skunkworks projects, very low profile and off-the-wall. Basically it was fixing broken Windows drivers to make them run faster and more acceptably. Using it, we were actually able to create a video API that could run DOOM almost as fast under Windows as it did in DOS.
Microsoft announced WinG at the 1994 Game Developers Conference, demonstrating it with a port by id Software of Doom. WinG was shipped on September 21, 1994. WinG, while interesting, was still fundamentally based on drawing bitmaps in memory and outputting frames after the drawing was done. As a result, WinG was deprecated and DirectX was built. However, Windows NT 3.5 and Windows 95 introduced CreateDIBSection to provide support for creating DCs based on DIBs and video drivers also eventually improved.
Implementation
WinG introduced a new type of DC called a WinGDC, which allowed programmers to both read and write to it directly using device-independent bitmaps (DIBs) with the wingdib.drv driver. Effectively, it gave programmers the ability to do with Windows what they'd been doing without hardware access limitations in DOS for years. Programmers could write DIBs to the WinGDC, yet would still have access to the individual bits of the image data. This meant that fast graphics algorithms could be written to allow fast scrolling, overdraw, dirty rectangles, double buffering, and other animation techniques. WinG also provided much better performance when blitting graphics data to physical graphics device memory. Since WinG used the DIB format, it was possible to mix original GDI API calls and WinG calls.
WinG would also perform a graphics hardware/driver profiling test on the first execution of the program in order to determine the best way to draw DIBs. This test showed a window full of red curved lines, sections of which would wobble as performance was tested. Once WinG had determined the fastest calls that did not cause graphics corruption, a profile would be saved so that the test would not need to be performed again.
Support
WinG out-of-the-box support (i.e. as a separate API to Win32) was dropped in Windows 98 Second Edition (which integrated DirectX 6), as it did nothing but pass through to the Win32 APIs that it was wrapping (including CreateDIBSection). WinG DLLs were sometimes distributed with an application, at which point it merely became a matter of copying the files wing.dll, wing32.dll, wingde.dll, wingdib.drv and wingpal.wnd to the system32 directory (for 32 bit Windows) or SysWOW64 directory (for 64 bit Windows) to regain system-wide support.
List of applications using WinG API
Adobe Photoshop 3.0 (1994)
Adobe Photoshop 4.0 (1997)
Alone in the Dark: Ghosts in Town (1996)
Bad Toys 3D (1998)
CivNet (1995)
Comix Zone (1995)
Dark Seed II (1995)
Disney's Animated Storybook: The Lion King (1994)
Doom (1995)
Dust: A Tale of the Wired West (1995)
Fury3 (1995)
Garfield: Caught in the Act (1996)
Grant - Lee - Sherman: Civil War 2: Generals (1997)
Heroes of Might and Magic II (1996)
Industry Giant (1997)
Maui Mallard in Cold Shadow (1996)
Microsoft Bob (1995)
Microsoft Oceans (1995)
Microsoft Return of Arcade (1996)
Monopoly (Westwood Studios) (1995)
Nitemare 3D (1994)
Noir: A Shadowy Thriller (1996)
P.T.O. II (1995)
The Lion King (1994)
The Rise & Rule of Ancient Empires (1996)
This Means War! (1995)
Sid Meier's Colonization (1995)
Sid Meier's Civilization II (1996)
SimCity 2000 (Windows 16-bit) (1995)
SimTower (1994)
Star Wars Screen Entertainment (1994)
Sonic's Schoolhouse (1996)
Time Gate: Knight's Chase (1996)
Titanic: Adventure Out of Time (1996)
Total Distortion (1995)
Toy Story (1996)
Warcraft II: Tides of Darkness Map editor
Woodruff and the Schnibble of Azimuth (1995)
Entomorph - Plague of the Darkfall (1995)
See also
Windows API
DOSBox, allows emulation of DOS programs
References
External links
Writing HOT Games for Microsoft® Windows™ - The Microsoft Game Developers’ Handbook
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